Editorial
Good morning to all of you, my dear Eucalyptus friends,
Here we are again, with the 21st issue of
our Eucalyptus Newsletter. In
this edition, as it is being usual, we are bringing a lot of information
and knowledge about these wonderful trees and their utilization. We
hope that this information may be useful to you and to the Eucalyptus. Remember that most of this knowledge we are sharing is being brought
to our Society for a better understanding about the Eucalyptus. The
aim is to offer knowledge in a way that you may learn more, and to
enjoy doing such. For this reason, we are forcing you, in some extent,
to navigate the web to grab as much on good information as possible.
We also offer good articles, and recommendations of books and interesting
events. I hope you may also, like me, admire these trees and the products
they offer to Human Society. Our goal is clear: to help our stakeholders
to better understand the benefits that Eucalyptus offer to humans,
since planted in proper conditions of Sustainability (and with personal
and corporate responsibility). For this to happen in ever increased
intensity, we always provide many suggestions, information and knowledge.
The purpose is to raise the level of understanding and knowledge about
the Eucalyptus, something absolutely necessary for the importance they
play to humans.
In
this edition, we are bringing some news to you. One is a section
we have prepared about "weed
competition and control in Eucalyptus forest
plantations". The control of competing vegetation has
been one of the keys to the success of the high productivity is obtained
in Brazil with the Eucalyptus planted forests. The theme will continue
in the mini-article of this edition, when we will discuss "the Eucalyptus plantations and the use of pesticides". The goal
is to help clarifying this issue of agrochemicals in forestry because
modern agriculture and forestry depend on the use of fertilizers,
herbicides, insecticides, ant killers, fungicides, etc. and how they
can be used safely and effectively, bringing benefits and no problems
as some opponents argue with great energy.
In the "The
Friends of the Eucalyptus" section, I am introducing
to you someone I have a great admiration for his technical competence,
teaching abilities and his enormous dedication to education, researching
and the generation and dissemination of knowledge in the field of pulp
and paper production. I'm talking about "Professor
Miguel Angel Mario Zanuttini", a great Argentinean friend of the Eucalyptus,
through his innovative research in the impregnation of wood chips by
cooking liquor.
In the Ester Foelkel's section "Curiosities
and Oddities about the Eucalyptus" she tells us this time about the "Eucalyptus and
its disinfectant and antiseptic properties". One more of the
so many uses of Eucalyptus that many people even notice or perceive,
although they are always in contact in their day-to-day life with these
products, very abundant in markets and homes.
In
time, we are also introducing to you in this newsletter issue another
chapter (in Portuguese) of the Eucalyptus Online Book that has the
title: "O Processo de Impregnacao dos Cavacos de Madeira de
Eucalipto pelo Licor Kraft de Cozimento - The Process of
Eucalyptus Wood Chips Impregnation by the Kraft Cooking Liquor".
Also there is much value to you browse within our traditional sections
such as: Eco-Efficiency and Sustainability Corner, Euca-Links, References
about Events and Courses and Online
Technical References.
I hope you may enjoy and like this edition selected themes.
In
case you are not registered yet to receive free-of-charge the Eucalyptus
Newsletter and the chapters of the Eucalyptus
Online Book, I suggest you to do it through the following
link: Click
here for registration.
We have several non-financial supporting partners to the Eucalyptus
Online Book & Newsletter: TAPPI, IPEF, SIF, CeluloseOnline, CETCEP/SENAI,
RIADICYP, TECNICELPA, ATCP Chile, Appita, CENPAPEL, TAPPSA, SBS, ANAVE,
AGEFLOR, EMBRAPA FLORESTAS, GIT - Eucalyptologics, Forestal Web, Painel
Florestal and INTA Concordia - Novedades Forestales. They are helping
to disseminate our efforts in favor of the Eucalyptus in countries
such as: Brazil, USA, Canada, Chile, Portugal, Spain, Colombia, Argentina,
Australia, New Zealand, Uruguay and South Africa. However, thanks to
the world wide web, in reality, they are helping to promote our project
to the entire world. Thanks very much to our partners for believing
in what we are doing in favor of the Eucalyptus. Know more about all
of our today’s partners and meet them at the URL address:
http://www.eucalyptus.com.br/partners.html
Thank
you all for the support to our work. We have already exceeded our
target of registered readers, when about 11,000 people are getting
monthly these online publications about the Eucalyptus. Now, our
goal for this year is to always keep that number above 10,000 readers
actually receiving, opening and reading our publications. I beg your
help to publicize and to inform about our project to your friends,
in case you feel these publications may be helpful to them. Please,
accept my personal thanks, and also the gratitude from Celsius
Degree,
ABTCP, Botnia, International Paper do Brasil, KSH-CRA Engenharia,
Suzano, VCP and from the supporting partners.
Our best wishes and a hug to all of you, and please enjoy your reading.
We all hope you may like what we have prepared to you this time.
Celso Foelkel
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br
http://www.eucalyptus.com.br
http://www.abtcp.org.br
In
this Edition
Eucalyptus
Online Book - Chapter 15 (in Portuguese)
The
Friends of the Eucalyptus - Professor Miguel Angel
Mario Zanuttini
Eco-Efficiency
and Sustainability Corner
Weed
Competition and Control in Eucalyptus Forest Plantations
Curiosities
and Oddities about the Eucalyptus: The Disinfectant
and Antiseptic Properties of the Eucalyptus- (by
Ester Foelkel)
Online
Technical References
References
about Events and Courses
Euca-Links
Technical
Mini-Article by Celso Foelkel
The
Eucalyptus Plantation Forests and the Use of Pesticides
Eucalyptus
Online Book - Chapter 15 (in Portuguese)
For
downloading the chapter (in Adobe PDF - 5.7 MB) just click below
over the name of the chapter. Another option, perhaps even easier,
is to use the right button of your mouse and select the "Save
target as..." command to save the chapter in one of your computer
directories. In case you do not have the Adobe Reader installed in
your computer, please visit http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos_eng.html and find the instructions how to get it.
Since it is a heavy file, please, be patient to allow the full downloading.
"O
Processo de Impregnacao dos Cavacos de Madeira de Eucalipto
pelo Licor Kraft de Cozimento" - The Process
of Eucalyptus Wood Chips Impregnation by the Kraft Cooking
Liquor
The
Friends of the Eucalyptus
Professor Miguel Angel Mario Zanuttini
In this edition of the Eucalyptus Newsletter, I am most
pleased to introduce another one of my greatest friends and outstanding
researcher and educator, Professor Miguel Angel Mario Zanuttini, from
the Universidad Nacional del Litoral in Santa Fe, Argentina
Professor
Miguel Angel Mario Zanuttini is definitely
one of the most renowned scientists in the pulp and paper sector in
Latin American countries.
This position of prominence he has achieved with simplicity, friendliness,
competence, hard work and motivation in favor of the sector science and
technology. For me, it's an honor to introduce him to you with more details
about his professional and life profiles, bringing many of his achievements
for public knowledge. From what you see of his academic research, it
is easy to understand why Dr. Miguel Zanuttini is receiving this simple
homage from the Eucalyptus Newsletter n º 21, receiving the title
of "Friend of the Eucalyptus".
Professor Miguel Angel Mario Zanuttini is native of Argentina, born
in 1957. He is currently a professor at the Universidad Nacional del
Litoral (coast of the Parana River, he explained to me once - since Santa
Fe is an Argentinean province far from the sea). At UNL he accumulates
the role of director of ITC - Institute of Cellulose Technology at the
FIQ - College of Chemical Engineering (http://www.fiqus.unl.edu.ar/itc/index2.html).
This position has a strong involvement with research projects of national
interest, through the CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas
y Tecnicas - a National Council for Technical and Scientific Researches).
At UNL Dr. Miguel Zanuttini teaches classes in both undergraduate and
post-graduate courses in chemical engineering. His main educational subjects
are: pulping chemistry, pulp and paper properties, paper as material
for food contact and statistical quality. He has also academic partnerships
with other universities to teach and advise graduate students: UNAM -
Universidad Nacional de Misiones - Argentina and UFPR - Federal University
of Parana - Brazil.
With regard to his professional training and back-ground, professor
Zanuttini was graduated as chemical engineer in 1981 by UNL, where he
was strongly motivated by the renowned engineer Aldo Lossada, who was
then the director of ITC. The guidance received from Aldo in his early
studies, turned out to be a motivation to take up the study of raw materials
and processes for production of pulp and paper. Aldo Lossada had also
a strong expertise on sugar cane bagasse. This was a key factor for the
selection of this residue of sugar cane industry for the production of
fiber and paper. The sugar cane bagasse researching was driving force
for attaining his title of Doctor, which was obtained from UNL in 1986.
Then, Dr. Zanuttini had post-doctorate studies at the University of Technology
in Trondheim (http://www.ntnu.no/kjemipros/english/paper),
Norway, under the guidance of the great masters Dr. Hans Giertz and Dr.
Per Koch Christensen.
Later, between 2001 and 2002, also he had post-graduate studies at IPST
- Institute of Paper Science and Technology (http://www.ipst.gatech.edu)
in Atlanta, USA, with Dr. Thomas McDonough and Dr. Charles Courchene
.
In his not very long academic career, Dr. Zanuttini has had an exemplary
and quite outstanding scientific and educational production, both in
classrooms and in research laboratories, with the support and help of
a competent staff and students of the ITC / FIQ.
In short, his main lines of research are related to:
• semi-chemical and high yield pulping ;
• recycling of unbleached paper;
• alkaline kraft pulping;
• ligno-cellulosic byproducts;
• eco-efficiency and minimum environmental impacts in the production of
pulp and paper;
• statistical quality management;
• scientific studies of papermaking raw materials.
These studies have resulted in a good number of papers
in very prestigious magazines and in conference proceedings in several
countries: Argentina,
Brazil, Chile, Australia, Romania, Germany, Spain, Portugal, USA, etc.
He also has a book published in partnership with Charles Pieck on statistical
quality management and a chapter on the properties of the paper in the
recently published book "Panorama de la Industria de Celulosa y
Papel en Iberoamerica 2008", edited by RIADICYP (http://www.riadicyp.org.br).
Interestingly, his involvement with the Eucalyptus is more recent, from
the year 2000. Before that, his studies have focused on CTMP and semi-chemical
pulping for bagasse and poplar, important processes and raw materials
for his country. Argentina depends very much on these raw materials for
the manufacture of printing and writing papers and newsprint. Prior to
2000, there was a strong influence of the research lines of the ITC in
his selection of themes for researching. The aim was always to clarify
questions and to increase the competitiveness of Argentinean pulp and
paper industry. It turns out that the Eucalyptus also started to show
great importance to the country, due to large planted areas and because
the use of this type of wood by some Argentinean companies manufacturing
kraft, cold soda and NSSC pulps. Then, Dr. Zanuttini and his team have
also started to research alkaline kraft pulping with the woods of Eucalyptus. This new field led to numerous technical papers at ITC with the fibers
of Eucalyptus wood, as a complement to what was being evaluated. Fortunately,
from 2000 onwards, these publications are being made available on the
web. This fact allowed us to rescue many of them for our readers, as
far the links can promptly be provided and accessed. Some of the papers
which were not available in the web, our friend Zanuttini has provided
permission to post them at www.celso-foelkel.com.br - with links in this
section.
Dr. Zanuttini great scientific achievements and his future plans are
focused on:
• Optimization of alkaline liquor impregnation of wood, because it offers
excellent opportunities for improving the kraft pulping;
• Improvements on paper recycling, to give more quality and efficiency
to this industrial activities;
• Minimization of the environmental impacts of pulp and paper processes
and industry.
Currently, Professor Zanuttini and his team are part of a world selected
and small number of researchers with deep knowledge about the process
of impregnation of wood chips by the alkaline solution in the kraft cooking.
They surely can contribute much towards optimization of kraft pulping.
For these very reasons my friends, we should continue to support their
studies for additional improvements in the production of Eucalyptus kraft
pulp.
It is frequent the participation of Professor Zanuttini in conferences
and congresses in Brazil (ABTCP Congresses and Eucalyptus Colloquium)
and in other Latin American countries (Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Colombia,
etc.). The outstanding quality of his papers always result in awards
such as the best technical papers presented at some of these events.
Congratulations Miguel and team: you all well deserve these achievements.
Two other extremely important activities in Miguel Zanuttini's career
have been allocated on the development of two networks of researchers
in IberoAmerica. One is dedicated to the education and research in pulp
and paper (RIADICYP), and the other to the revaluation of the recycled
pulp fibers (RIARREC):
• RIADICYP - Red Iberoamericana de Docencia e Investigacion en Celulosa
y Papel (http://www.riadicyp.org.ar)
• RIARREC - Red IberoAmericana para la Revalorizacion del Reciclado Celulosico
(http://www.fiq.unl.edu.ar/riarrec)
The participation of Miguel Zanuttini in terms of clarification of doubts
arising from the Argentinean Society is also happening through his personal
blog CELUDABLE, which was created to provide a credible knowledge about
the pulp and paper industry to the Argentineans. It has become imperative
for professionals in the pulp and paper career in Argentina. They now
have their careers questioned in connection with the conflict between
the countries of Argentina and Uruguay due the construction and operation
of the Botnia bleached kraft market pulp mill in Fray Bentos - Uruguay.
Dr. Zanuttini has made several insightful statements about the level
of this modern industry in interviews with newspapers and television
and through his blog.
Please, kmow more about:
• Dr. Miguel Zanuttini's personal blog:
http://celudable.blogspot.com
• ITC - Institute of Cellulose Technology at FIQ/UNL:
http://www.fiqus.unl.edu.ar/itc/index2.html
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Presentacion%20del%20grupo%20de%20investigaci%F3n.pdf (About the ITC scientific and technical researches and researchers -
in English)
• FIQ - College of Chemical Engineering and UNL - Universidad Nacional
del Litoral: http://www.fiqus.unl.edu.ar (FIQ) and http://www.unl.edu.ar (UNL)
Finally, as a privilege for us to download technical
learning materials, his team have created a captive website for the
pulp and paper career
and a link to the course "Fundamentals of the pulp production" in
the FIQ / UNL. It is a good option to know teachers, students, projects
and all materials of practical and theoretical classes:
http://www.fiqus.unl.edu.ar/celulosa (Course "Fundamentals of the
pulp production")
http://www.fiqus.unl.edu.ar/celulosa/material.htm (Learning materials)
On the back of a successful professional career there is always a devoted
family plenty of understanding: Miguel strengthens the relevant role
of Titina his wife and their two daughters, Maria Fernanda and Maria
Soledad.
Know more about the academic and scientific career of Professor Miguel
Angel Mario Zanuttini in the links below:
Curriculum vitae - LAC System - Argentina - Prof. Dr.
Miguel Zanuttini
http://www.sicytar.secyt.gov.ar/busqueda/prc_imp_cv_int?f_cod=0000529478
Curriculum vitae - CONICET System - Argentina - Prof. Dr. Miguel Zanuttini
http://www.conicet.gov.ar/scp/detalle.php?id=2018&keywords=zanuttini&full=1
Curriculum vitae - Blog Celudable - Argentina - Prof. Dr. Miguel Zanuttini
http://celudable.blogspot.com/2008_03_14_archive.html
Know more about the scientific and technological production of Professor
Miguel Angel Zanuttini and his fantastic team of studies on pulp and
paper at UNL - Argentina browsing some of their published papers:
In this issue we are presenting to you some of the many papers that are
available online and written by professor Zanuttini and his students
and frequent co-workers from several institution's, especially from the
College of Chemical Engineering at UNL. Please, find the appropriate
links to great publications that can be accessed and downloaded through
the web. We had to make a selection, so many that are this group publications
in journals, conferences, courses and books. We tried to focus on papers
published on the impregnation of wood chips by the kraft cooking liquor,
recycling and paper quality and environmental issues. We also attached
some theses at UNL and for which we had the strong involvement of Professor
Miguel Zanuttini as advisor. Learn with Miguel Zanuttini and a great
number of his qualified research colleagues: Maria Cristina Inalbon,
Paulina Mocchiutti, Pio Aguirre, Miguel Mussato, Miguel Citroni, Juan
Bernal, Victorio Marzocchi, Maria Galvan, Vincent Costanza, among many
others. In addition to these partnerships, Zanuttini has published papers
with researchers from many other worldwide universities: in Brazil (Federal
University of Vicosa, Federal University of Parana, University of Sao
Paulo), Argentina (Universidad Nacional de Misiones), the United States
of America (Georgia Tech & Institute of Paper Science and Technology).
Following a selection of about 35 papers and speeches for your reading:
Dinamica de la impregnacion en el pulpado kraft de eucalipto. M.C. Inalbon;
J.I. Bernal; M.C. Mussati; M.A. Citroni; M.A. Zanuttini. IV ICEP – International
Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp. 08 pp. (2009)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Din%E1mica%20de%20la%20impregnaci%F3n.pdf
Dinamica
de la impregnacion en el pulpado kraft de eucalipto.
M.C. Inalbon; J.I. Bernal; M.C. Mussati; M.A. Citroni; M.A. Zanuttini.
IV ICEP – International
Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp. PowerPoint presentation: 76 slides. (2009)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Presentaci%F3n%204th%20
ICEP%20Din%E1mica%20de%20la%20impregnaci%F3n.pdf
Abstract:
Experimental and theoretical analysis of the alkali impregnation
of Eucalyptus wood. M.C. Inalbon; M.C. Mussati;
M.A. Zanuttini. Industrial
and Engineering Chemistry Research 48(10): 4791–4795. (2009)
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ie801685a?prevSearch=Inalbon&searchHistoryKey
Abstract:
The deacetylation reaction in Eucalyptus wood: kinetics and effects
on the effective diffusion. M.C. Inalbon; P. Mocchiutti;
M.A.
Zanuttini. Bioresource Technology 100(7): 2254 – 2258. (2009)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V24-4V5GCRH-
1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_
version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=e7bbb65b07aecad208c6fe27f2a07f55
Abstract: Improvement of the fiber-bonding capacity of unbleached
recycled pulp by the laccase/mediator treatment. P. Mocchiutti; M. Zanuttini;
K. Kuus; A. Suurnäkki. TAPPI Journal 7(10): 17 - 22. (2008)
http://de.scientificcommons.org/39371861
http://www.tappi.org/s_tappi/sec_publications.asp?CID=11683&DID=561722
Mecanismo
y velocidad de impregnacion de maderas. M.C. Inalbon. Ph.D.
Thesis. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. (2008). Available in parts
at:
http://bibliotecavirtual.unl.edu.ar:8180/tesis/handle/1/102
http://bibliotecavirtual.unl.edu.ar:8180/tesis/bitstream/1/102/1/ca_ag_re_in.pdf (Introduction – 10
pp.)
http://bibliotecavirtual.unl.edu.ar:8180/tesis/bitstream/1/102/2/cap14.pdf (Chapters 1 to 4 - 90 pp.)
http://bibliotecavirtual.unl.edu.ar:8180/tesis/bitstream/1/102/3/cap58.pdf (Chapters
5 to 8 - 117 pp.)
Abstract:
Dynamics of the effective capillary cross-sectional area during alkaline
impregnation of Eucalyptus wood. M.C. Inalbon; M. Zanuttini.
Holzforschung 62(4): 397 – 401. (2008)
http://www.reference-global.com/doi/abs/10.1515/HF.2008.061
Impregnacion
alcalina de latifoliadas en el pulpado kraft. M.C. Inalbon;
M. Mussati; V.A. Marzocchi; M.A. Zanuttini. V CIADICYP. 10 pp. (2008)
http://www.riadicyp.org.ar/downloads/ciadi2008/07.pdf
Efectos
de los radicales libres sobre pulpas recicladas no blanqueadas. P. Mocchiutti; M.V. Galvan; M.A. Zanuttini. V CIADICYP. 11 pp. (2008)
http://www.riadicyp.org.ar/downloads/ciadi2008/02.pdf
Modelling
of the alkaline impregnation of Eucalyptus chips. Reactions and ion
transport. M.C. Inalbon; M. Zanuttini; M. Mussati; V. Marzocchi.
III ICEP - International Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp. PowerPoint presentation:
68 slides. (2007)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Presentaci%F3n
%203%20ICEP%202007%20Modelling%20impregnation.pdf
Modelado de la impregnacion alcalina de chip de eucalipto. Reacciones
y transporte ionico. M.C. Inalbon; M. Zanuttini; M. Mussati; V. Marzocchi.
III ICEP - International Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp. 09 pp. (2007)
http://www.celuloseonline.com.br/imagembank/Docs/DocBank/Eventos/430/4InalbonOral.pdf
Abstract:
OCC Ozone treatment. Upgrading OCC and recycled liner pulps by medium-consistency
ozone treatment. M. Zanuttini; T. McDonough; C.
Courchene; P. Mocchiutti. TAPPI TechLink. 01 p. (2007)
http://www.tappi.org/s_tappi/bin.asp?CID=9899&DID=554232&DOC=FILE.PDF
Mejora
de propiedades papeleras de pulpas celulosicas lignificadas de reciclo.
Aplicacion de tratamientos oxidativos enzimaticos y quimicos. P. Mocchiutti. Ph.D. Thesis. UNL. (2007)
http://bibliotecavirtual.unl.edu.ar:8180/tesis/handle/1/48
Chemical
characterization of pulp components in unbleached softwood kraft
fibers recycled with the assistance of a laccase/HBT system. T.A.
Silva; P. Mocchiutti; M. Zanuttini; L.P. Ramos. Bioresources 2(4): 616
- 629. (2007)
http://www.bioresourcesjournal.com/index.php/BioRes/article/viewFile/
BioRes_2_4_616_629_daSilva_MZR_Laccase_HBT_SW_Recycle_Kraft/79
Modelado de la impregnacion alcalina de astillas de madera de
alamo y Eucalyptus. M.C. Inalbon; M. Mussati; M. Zanuttini. IV CIADICYP. 08 pp.
(2006)
http://www.riadicyp.org.ar/downloads/ciadi2006/02/06.pdf
Limites
en las emisiones y monitoreo en la produccion pulpa kraft blanqueada.
M. Zanuttini. IV CIADICYP - Taller RIADICYP Valdivia. PowerPoint presentation:
47 slides. (2006)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Valdivia%202006%20-%20L%
EDmites%20en%20las%20emisiones%20y%20monit%20kraft%2020.pdf
Deacetylation consequences in pulping processes. M. Zanuttini; V. Marzocchi;
P. Mocchiutti; M. Inalbon. Holz als Roh - und Werkstoff 63(2): 149-153.
(2005)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/htgwldl3jukcxh4d
Impregnacao de madeiras de eucalipto e pinho em processos de
polpacao alcalina. Efeitos da pre-vaporizacao e da impregnacao pressurizada. M.C.
Inalbon; M. Zanuttini; V. Marzocchi; M. Citroni; C. Pieck. O Papel 66(4):
77 – 82. (2005)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Impregna%E7%E3o%20cavacos%20
eucalipto%20e%20pinus%20abtcp%20o%20papel%20com%20e.pdf
A useful equation for estimating the surface charge of pulp fibers. P.
Mocchiutti; M. Zanuttini. TAPPI Journal 4(5):18-22. (2005)
http://www.tappi.org/s_tappi/sec_publications.asp?CID=8538&DID=512495
Alkali
impregnation of hardwood chips. M. Zanuttini;
M. Citroni; V. Marzocchi; M. C. Inalbon. TAPPI Journal 4(2): 28 – 30.
(2005)
http://tappi.micronexx.com/JOURNALS/PDFS/05FEB28.pdf
Estudio
de impregnacion de madera de eucalipto con agentes naturales para
la preservacion de colmenas apicolas. M.C. Inalbon; M.A. Zanuttini;
R. Casal. III Congreso Forestal Argentino y Latinoamericano. 10 pp. (2005)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Congreso%20Forestal
%202005%20-%20Impreg%20para%20preservaci%F3n.pdf
Impregnation of Eucalyptus and pine wood in alkaline pulping
processes. Effects of steaming and pressurized impregnation. M.C. Inalbon; M. Citroni;
V. Marzocchi; C. Pieck; M. Zanuttini. 37th ABTCP Annual Congress. PowerPoint
presentation: 34 slides. (2004)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Alkaline%20
Impregnation%20ABTCP%202004-Slides.pdf
Estudos sobre a impregnacao de cavacos de Eucalyptus spp. M.M. Costa;
J.L. Gomide; M. Zanuttini; E. Souza; M. Brum Neto. 37th ABTCP Annual
Congress. 11 pp. (2004)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Impregna%E7%
E3o%20paper%20marcelo%20costa%20abtcp2004.pdf
Estudos sobre a impregnacao de cavacos de Eucalyptus spp. M.M. Costa;
J.L. Gomide; M. Zanuttini; E. Souza; M. Brum Neto. 37th ABTCP Annual
Congress. PowerPoint presentation: 45 slides. (2004)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Impregna%E7%E3o%20
cavacos%20euca%20by%20Marcelo%20Costa%20PPT.pdf
Mecanismo de impregnacao alcalina dos cavacos de Eucalyptus spp. M.M.
Costa; J.L. Gomide; M. Zanuttini; E. Souza; M. Brum Neto. 37th ABTCP
Annual Congress. 11 pp. (2004)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/ABTCP%202004%20-
%20M%20Costa%20%20Impregnaci%F3n%20astllas%20eucaliptos.pdf
Rol de la difusion en la impregnacion alcalina de latifoliadas. M.C.
Inalbon; M.A. Zanuttini. III CIADICYP. 08 pp. (2004)
http://www.riadicyp.org.ar/downloads/ciadi2004/TR090.pdf
Optimal
operating points in alkaline pulping. V. Costanza;
M.A. Zanuttini. Latin American Applied Research 34: 155 – 164.
(2004)
http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/laar/v34n3/v34n3a04.pdf
Abstract:
Alkali impregnation of hardwoods. Part I: Moderate treatment of poplar
wood. M. Zanuttini; V. Marzocchi; M. Citroni; P.
Mocchiutti.
JPPS – Journal of Pulp and Paper Science 29(9): 313 – 317.
(2003)
http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=15252370
Tratamiento
oxidativo de pulpas kraft de reciclo no blanqueadas. M.
Zanuttini; V. Marzocchi; M. Citroni; P. Mocchiutti. II CIADICYP. 09 pp.
(2002)
http://www.celuloseonline.com.br/imagembank/Docs/DocBank/dc/dc359.pdf
Carga
superficial de las fibras determinada por adsorcion polielectrolitica. P. Mocchiutti; M. Zanuttini. II CIADICYP. 17 pp. (2002)
http://www.celuloseonline.com.br/imagembank/Docs/DocBank/dc/dc356.pdf
Abstract:
Diffusion and reaction in isothermal pulping digesters. V. Costanza; F.M. Rossi; P. Costanza; M. Zanuttini. Industrial & Engineering
Chemistry Research 40(18): 3965 – 3972. (2001)
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie0004287
Pulpa
quimimecanica alcalina de alamo. Relacion entre su estado quimico,
su hinchamiento y sus propiedades. M. Zanuttini; V. Marzocchi. 12 pp.
I CIADICYP. (2000)
http://ciadicyp.unam.edu.ar/trabajos/trabajos/pulpa_y_pulpados/Zanuttini-14-ITC-Arg.pdf
Mecanismo
y velocidad de impregnacion alcalina de madera de alamo. M.A.
Zanuttini; V. Marzocchi; M. Citroni; D. Espinos. I CIADICYP. 16 pp. (2000)
http://www.riadicyp.org.ar/downloads/varios/26.pdf
Desarrollo
de procesos anaerobicos para el tratamiento de efluentes papeleros. M. Mussati; P. Aguirre; N. Scenna; O. Soto; M.A. Zanuttini.
I CIADICYP. 24 pp. (2000)
http://ciadicyp.unam.edu.ar/trabajos/trabajos/varios/Mussati-74-INGAR-Arg.pdf
Pattern
of alkali impregnation of poplar wood at moderate conditions. M. Zanuttini; M. Citroni; V. Marzocchi. Holzforschung 54(6):
631–636.
(2000)
http://www.reference-global.com/doi/abs/10.1515/HF.2000.106?journalCode=hfsg
Patron
de la impregnacion alcalina de madera de alamo en condiciones moderadas. M. Zanuttini; M. Citroni; V. Marzocchi. 32nd ABTCP Annual
Congress. 11 pp. (1999)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Impregna%E7%E3o
%20%E1lamo%20zanuttini%20abtcp%201999.pdf
Thank you my dear friend Miguel Angel Mario Zanuttini for what you have
done and will do for the Eucalyptus and for the pulp and paper science
and technology. As always, with the highest quality as a function of
your expertise and knowledge and innovative research with your team.
We from Celsius Degree, your many admirers and readers of the Eucalyptus
Newsletter, we all present to you a huge thank you for your dedication
in favor of the Eucalyptus and its utilization for pulp and paper. Congratulations,
my dear and ever "Friend of the Eucalyptus".
Eco-Efficiency
and Sustainability Corner
The mission of this section is to guide you to news
about eco-efficiency, eco-effectiveness, cleaner production and sustainability
with regard to our forest sector based on the utilization of the Eucalyptus, highlighting more sustainable ways to accomplish our business success,
generate consumer goods for Society while minimizing the environmental
and social impacts of the production activities. For achieving this target
the section brings articles, theses, websites, courses and what we consider
interesting to you under these perspectives of socio-environmental improvements
and economic results in our companies and businesses.
In
this edition, you will be introduced to four important sources of clean
technologies and more sustainable
products for this kind of manufacturing
industry, with outstanding performances in the forestry and wood products
segments: "CNTL - National Cleaner Production Center", "CEBDS
- Brazilian Business Council for Sustainable Development", "IBPS
- Brazilian Institute for Sustainable Production and Environmental Law" and "Metafore".
Please, visit our suggested organizations and know more about their activities:
CNTL - National Cleaner Production Center. (Brazil) - (in Portuguese)
The CNTL is a project created in 1995 through the actions of FIERGS -
Federation of Industries of the State of Rio Grande do Sul and SENAI
- National Service of Industrial Education. The expertise to CNTL consultants
and staff in cleaner production was initially provided thanks to a partnership
arrangement with UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization)
and UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). The methodology on eco-efficiency
and cleaner production implementations has been transferred by Stenum
(http://www.stenum.at/en/),
an Austrian company with outstanding competence in procedures for deployment
of these types of programs. The CNTL has
relevant performance in Brazil through structuring a Brazilian Network
of Cleaner Production with SEBRAE and CEBDS, involving several Brazilian
states. CNTL also offers courses, organizes events, programs of CP deployments
in enterprises of all types, environmental auditing, publishes technical
manuals, etc. The CNTL has the leadership of our dear friend Mr. Paulo
Rosa, a great master executive on CP in Brazil, and our dear engineer
Mrs. Rosele Neetzow, who heads the technical activities of the Center.
One of the most important services provided by CNTL to the pulp and paper
sector was the implementation of international environmental audits in
two market pulp mills in Chile: Valdivia and Nueva Aldea mills, both
belonging to the business group Celulosa Arauco y Constitucion - CELCO.
The auditing program has been performed by engineers Dr. Celso Foelkel
(leader auditor), MSc Rosele Neetzow and Dr. Wagner Gerber. Some auditing
reports have been made available by the Chilean Environmental Authorities
(CONAMA) for public consultation in the web. I suggest you to navigate
in some of the highlights in the CNTL website and related services, through
the links:
http://www.senairs.org.br/cntl (CNTL general website)
http://srvprod.sistemafiergs.org.br/portal/page/portal/sfiergs_senai_uos/senairs_uo697/proximos_cursos
(CNTL publications, including the technical newsletters)
http://srvprod.sistemafiergs.org.br/portal/page/portal/sfiergs_senai_uos/senairs_uo697/
proximos_cursos/S%E9rie%20Manuais%20PmaisL.zip (Cleaner Production guidebooks)
http://srvprod.sistemafiergs.org.br/portal/page/portal/sfiergs_senai_uos/senairs_uo697/
proximos_cursos/implementa%E7%E3o%20PmaisL.pdf (Implementing Cleaner
Production programs)
http://srvprod.sistemafiergs.org.br/portal/page/portal/sfiergs_senai_uos/senairs_uo697/
noticias/Mad%20Mobiliarios.zip (Timber and Furniture segment: case studies
on Cleaner Production)
http://srvprod.sistemafiergs.org.br/portal/page/portal/sfiergs_senai_uos/senairs_uo697/
noticias/Graficas.zip (Printing segment: case studies on Cleaner Production)
http://www.conama.cl/especiales/1305/articles-35172_auditoria.pdf (First
report of the international environmental auditing at Valdivia bleached
kraft pulp mill - Arauco - Phase 01 - May 2005, in Spanish)
http://www.conama.cl/especiales/1305/articles-35172_auditoria_fase02.pdf (Second report of the international environmental auditing at Valdivia
bleached kraft pulp mill - Arauco - Phase 02 - May 2006, in Spanish)
CEBDS - Brazilian Business Council for Sustainable Development. (Brazil)
- (in Portuguese)
The CEBDES is the Brazilian branch of the WBCSD - World Business Council
for Sustainable Development (http://www.wbcsd.org), an institution whose
driving force has been the determination of companies (of various types:
industrial, banking, cosmetics, mining, etc.) to lead the sustainable
development in a global scale. CEBDS in Brazil has had the determination
and competence of its director Mr. Fernando Almeida, who more than an
executive is a renowned author of texts and reflections about sustainability
(http://www.cebds.org.br/cebds/noticias.asp?ID=246). We could nominate
several CEBDS initiatives, including leadership programs in eco-efficiency
and cleaner production, events and dissemination of information via the
website and a remarkable virtual magazine titled Brasil Sustentavel - "Sustainable
Brazil".
http://www.cebds.org.br/cebds/ (CEBDS general website)
http://www.cebds.org.br/cebds/pub-bs.asp (Brasil
Sustentavel magazine)
http://www.pmaisl.com.br/ (Brazilian
Cleaner Production Network)
http://www.pmaisl.com.br/publicacoes.asp(CP
publications)
http://www.cebds.org.br/cebds/resp-historias-sucesso.asp (Case
studies on sustainability, with reports about the companies - Aracruz
Celulose, Souza Cruz, Alcoa and Vale, all associated to trees and forests)
IBPS - Brazilian Institute for Sustainable Production and Environmental
Law. (Brazil) - (in Portuguese)
The IBPS is a kind of NGO which has the charisma of my dear friend Dr.
Carlos Adilio Nascimento in disseminating the concepts of eco-efficiency,
cleaner production and sustainable development. It was created in 2001
for the purpose of training and empowering people and businesses in the
paradigms of sustainability. There is a huge amount of news and technical
material available in the format of articles, interviews and technical
answers on the IBPS website.
http://ibps.com.br (IBPS
general website)
http://ibps.com.br/?cat=4 (Interviews)
http://ibps.com.br/?p=4873 (An
interview with Celso Foelkel about environmental management in the
Brazilian pulp and paper sector)
http://ibps.com.br/?p=5205 (An
interview with our dear friend Dr. Gerda Horn Caleffi about POPs
- Persistent Organic Pollutants)
http://ibps.com.br/?cat=5 (Special
studies)
Metafore. (USA) - (in English)
Metafore is an organization that is dedicated to work for the implementation
of innovations aimed at developing the most appropriate environment
and sustainable manufacturing in the wood and paper industry. As
ways to
achieve these goals, Metafore seeks to facilitate the understanding
of what are companies with outstanding environmental performance
and best
practices, seeks to promote forest and forest products chain-of-custody
certifications, encourages the exchange of relevant information and
knowledge and implements action changes through some of the specifically
developed
tools ("Environmental Paper Assessment Tool", "Paper Fiber
Life Cycle Research" and "Environmental Performance Audit").
Learn more about these tools and Metafore reports browsing this website:
http://www.metafore.org (Metafore
general website)
http://www.metafore.org/index.php?p=Forest_Certification_Resource_Center&s=147 ("Forest
Certification Resource Center")
https://www.epat.org/EPATHome.aspx?request=119 ("EPAT
-Environmental Paper Assessment Tool")
http://www.metafore.org/index.php?p=Metafore_Paper_Fiber_Life_Cycle&s=570 ("Paper
Fiber Life Cycle Research")
http://www.metafore.org/downloads/fiber_cycle_communications_deck.pdf (Speech
about paper life cycle oriented to Canada and USA)
http://www.metafore.org/downloads/metafore_reports_fiber_cycle.pdf (Executive
report about paper life cycle)
http://www.metafore.org/index.php?p=Publications&s=273 (Publications)
https://www.epat.org/Page.aspx?request=122 ("Environmentally
Preferable Paper")
Weed
Competition and Control in Eucalyptus Forest Plantations
One of the main reasons for the great
technological success the plantation forests have reached in Brazil,
has been the
understanding of the role of weed competition, its monitoring and effective
control. The term weed competition is relatively recent in forestry.
In fact, it is the result of some conceptual issues that were semantically
confused in forest science. In agriculture, the traditional terms that
are adopted for plants that compete with commercial crops are both "weeds" and "damaging
herbs". Weeds are plants growing where they are unwanted, competing
for water, light and nutrients with the crop which has been planted
in the area. It turns out that for the forest sector, nor the word "weed" and
either "damaging herbs" are well-suited. This is because
as soon as the forest planting operation ends and the first year after
planting is reached, these plants are no longer considered weeds. They
now form a rich understorey that is part of biodiversity and is also
used for grazing of animals (cattle) in conjunction with the planted
forest growth. At some point, some authors began to call these plants
as "complementary vegetation", but it was a name that has
not succeeded. In Brazil, the term "bush" is given to all
these no-commercial plants, serving to define exactly the plants that
grow vigorously in an area without having a commercial destination.
In English, the term for "bush" or "competing vegetation" is
just "weed". In Australia, the birthplace of most species
of Eucalyptus, the plants of this genus are born naturally and are
also regarded as "bush" by the population.
At the place where the forest is planted, the vegetation that compete
with it may have different degrees of infestation. Much depends on
the previous use of the land, before planting of Eucalyptus. The forest
plantations are generally placed to grow on land previously used as
pastures (natural or man-made grass fields) or degraded land after
intense agricultural utilization. Grasses can be extremely aggressive
and competitive, such as the Brachiaria grass, guinea grass, Eragrostis grass, etc. On the other hand, the shrubby vegetation includes a wide
range of natural and exotic species (agricultural and forestry). This
corresponds to the ecosystem where the new plantation forest will be
located. As in general we have a wide variety of broad-leaved plants
(angiosperms dicotyledons) and grasses (monocotyledons), the way and
intensity of the weed control need to be studied and defined case by
case.
The weeds that will compete with the
Eucalyptus forests also bring other problems to the commercial plantations:
they disturb the silvicultural
and harvesting operations, increase the risk of forest fires, raise
the cost of operations, may have allelopathic plants, may have aggressive
species causing mechanical damage and covering the Eucalyptus tree
branches and leaves (lianas and vines), etc. A "weed" species
or even called "damaging herb" is so named because: it has
high adaptability, it is aggressive and competitive in the area, it
has a high quantity and ease dispersing seeds, it may have intense
vegetative propagation (grasses) and also has seed longevity very large.
The weed control is required in some important stages of forest activities:
pre-planting to cleaning up the area; along the period of planting
seedlings and along the early maintenance services after planting.
Monitoring and controlling are needed until the new forest has grown
high enough to beat the bush because the trees have well-formed crowns
and are positioned over the weeds. This means that the bush is a problem
from the pre-planting period until about at least one year after planting.
That will depend on forest growth and intensity of weed infestation.
There are companies that extend the control of weed competition throughout
the forest rotation. They want to keep the forest area "clean
from weeds and bushes", to facilitate the harvesting operations
and also because their studies proved that the understorey reduces
significantly the productivity due to competition for water and nutrients.
This is most common in forests with irregular trees (seedlings produced
from seeds) and less common in clonal forestry. This happen because
their uniformity and speed of growth (cloned), so they are naturally "cleaner".
Other forest companies, due to distinct ecological conditions, allow
free growth of the understorey as a way to enrich the biodiversity
of the forest ecosystem. The important thing is to consider very carefully
the benefits and sustainability of each model. It should be remembered
that it is important to have a rich soil seed bank of native species,
but not so healthy to have a seed bank of aggressive exotic grasses.
In case the company chooses to keep planted forests in areas of poor
seed stocks of natural vegetation, we recommend that they compensate
for that with a higher proportion of natural conservation areas than
those recommended by law (the sum of areas of permanent preserved areas
and legal reserves).
Besides weed control at planting and after planting the Eucalyptus forest, there are other situations where weed control is required:
• in the maintenance and cleaning
of firebreaks (areas kept clean to prevent the spread of the fire
in case of a fire). One important
point is to do the weed control at firebreaks(chemical or mechanical)
during the rainy season to allow timing to the dead vegetation to get
naturally decomposed. When the dry season starts later, all these organic
matter will be decomposed and incorporated into the soil organic carbon
content.
• in the reestablishment of forest plantations, when the Eucalyptus stumps
tend to sprout and the new formed sprouts are undesirable and classified
as another type of weeds.
There are several ways to control the weed competition, but today's
most frequently used is the application of herbicides (chemical weed
control). For many years, forest companies have controlled the forest
weeds by hand hoeing and mechanical trimmers or other machinery engaged
to tractors. These types of mechanical control have gradually lost
ground to chemical weed control for several reasons: high demand for
a workforce increasingly scarce in the field, high costs and low efficiency.
Herbicides in forestry began shy around the late 70's, but today are
the dominant methods for the following reasons:
• low cost and high efficiency;
• relatively low ecotoxicity and low effect on non-target organisms;
• low migration to the soil and groundwater;
• high selectivity to the target plants;
•
application equipment designed for minimal harm to people, forest plants
and neighboring crops due reduced "drift" (migration to other
areas).
The following actions and precautions are recommended when using herbicides
in forest plantations and in permanent preservation areas:
• special care in handling and
storage;
• appropriate application equipment and always in sound calibration stage
and in good maintenance conditions;
• adoption of techniques regulated by law;
• ditto for the protection of the worker and the workplace;
• awareness development and ongoing training for operational workers;
• efficient weed management (monitoring, degree of infestation, biodiversity
detection, application plans, utilization of selected and more appropriate
molecules, etc.);
• planning in relation to other silvicultural activities;
• planning for the future use of the site for cattle grazing, etc.;
• protection of natural ecosystems and neighboring crops;
• monitoring the effects and environmental impacts (soil, air, water
and plants) and social issues involved in the herbicides utilization;
• keeping stakeholders informed (neighbors, etc.).
• have contingency plans easily implemented;
• etc.
The most common compounds (molecules) being applied to forest plantations
are: glyphosate, oxyfluorfen, imazetapyr, imazapic, imazapyr, among
many others. Herbicides can be applied pre- or post-emergence, this
meaning before or after the plant or bush birth. In general, the chemical
cleaning of the areas before planting are done with post-emergence
herbicides, to kill the vigorous weeds in the site (total area or only
at the range of planting). On the other hand, the applications of herbicides
during the planting of Eucalyptus seedlings are made with pre-emergence
ones. The chemical weed control (weeding) along the period of forest
stand maintenance is made with post-emergence herbicides.
Herbicides are often still used in removing undesirable species in
areas of permanent preservation or legal reserve, in order to prevent
the growth of aggressive species (grasses and exotic) that may compete
with native vegetation of slower growth rates.
At the reestablishments of Eucalyptus forests, the shoots or sprouts
that are born from the still alive stumps must be eliminated or avoided.
This elimination is done by the application of pre-emergence herbicides
on the stump (sapwood and bark), just immediately after cutting the
tree at harvesting; or else, by applying to the actual sprout leaves
after they became more abundant (via post-emergence molecules). Herbicides
commonly used for this are glyphosate (over the sprouts/twigs) and
imazapyr (right on the stump prior to sprouting).
Anyway, we must understand that to use herbicides there are no fixed
rules: there are cases and cases, depending on various regions and
seasons and also because of the kind of bush or weed to be controlled
For this very reason, it is very good to grab sound and reliable information
about these processes and products, before venturing to make investments
without due care and knowledge.
Following I'm bringing to you a selection of excellent references available
in the virtual literature on this topic. Check it out and learn with
the recommended authors:
Controle
da matocompeticao na cultura do eucalipto. L.R. Ferreira;
F.A. Ferreira; A.F.L. Machado. III Workshop SIF about Eucalyptus Cultivation.
PowerPoint presentation: 83 slides. (2009)
http://www.sif.org.br/arquivos_internos/downloads/LinoControleMatocompeticao.pdf
Manejo
integrado de plantas daninhas em povoamentos florestais. P.J.
Christoffoleti. Revista Opinioes. (Dec 2008-Feb 2009). Available on
10.06.2009:
http://www.revistaopinioes.com.br/cp/materia.php?id=524
Manejo
integrado de plantas daninhas em povoamentos florestais. P.J.
Christoffoleti. Brazilian Silviculture Meeting - Encontro Brasileiro
de Silvicultura. PowerPoint presentation: 51 slides. (2008)
http://www.colheitademadeira.com.br/imagens/publicacoes/manejo_integrado
_de_plantas_daninhas_em_povoamentos_florestais.pdf
Utilizacao de insumos quimicos em APPs. C. Cruz. Water & Forest
Meeting -Encontro Agua & Floresta. PowerPoint presentation: 52
slides. (2008)
http://homologa.ambiente.sp.gov.br/EA/encontro_agua_1106/jaboticabal/
palestras/ClaudineiDaCruz_InsumosQuimicosEmAPPs.pdf
Efeito de subdoses dos herbicidas clomazone e sulfentrazone em clones
de E. grandis x E. urophylla. E.N. Takahashi. Master Dissertation.
UNESP. 53 pp. (2007)
http://www.ipef.br/servicos/teses/arquivos/takahashi,en.pdf
Efeitos
do capim-coloniao sobre o crescimento inicial de clones de eucalipto. M.B. Cruz. Master Dissertation. UNESP. 46 pp. (2007)
http://www.fcav.unesp.br/download/pgtrabs/pv/m/3056.pdf
Efeitos
diretos e indiretos do glyphosate em eucalipto. L.D.T. Santos.
Ph.D. Thesis. UFV. 90 pp. (2006)
http://www.tede.ufv.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=97
Dissipacao e mobilidade dos herbicidas glifosato e oxifluorfen em
um solo manejado no sistema de cultivo minimo e florestado com Eucalyptus
grandis. R.E. Cassamassimo. Master Dissertation. ESALQ/USP. 63 pp.
(2005)
http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-18042006-162255/
Periodos de controle de Brachiaria
sp. e seus reflexos na produtividade
de Eucalyptus grandis. R.E.B. Toledo; R. Victoria Filho; A. J. Bezutte;
R. A. Pitelli; P. L.C.A. Alves; C. F. Valle; S.F. Alvarenga. Scientia
Forestalis 63: 221- 232. (2003)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/scientia/nr63/cap19.pdf
Faixas
e periodos de controle de plantas daninhas e seus reflexos no crescimento
do eucalipto. R.E.B. Toledo. Ph.D. Thesis. ESALQ/USP.
146 pp. (2002)
http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-03072003-092819/publico/roberto.pdf
Ao
eucalipto, com carinho. C. Foelkel. View Points. Celsius Degree.
08 pp. (2002)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/29%20final.doc
Aplicacao
de herbicidas em cepas, na erradicacao da brotacao de eucalipto,
em areas de reforma. J.L.A. Silva; A.J.P. Freitas. VIII Congresso Florestal
Estadual de Nova Prata - Nova Prata RS State Forest Congress. p. 393
- 400. (2000)
http://www.rural.ccr.ufsm.br/floresta/congresso/Artigos/Silvicultura/8CFNP_D20.doc
Tipos
de herbicidas para usos em florestas. R. Victoria Filho. IPEF Technical Series 4(12): 36 – 44. (1987)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/stecnica/nr12/cap03.pdf
Influencia da matocompeticao em plantios de Eucalyptus
grandis. S.
Zen. IPEF Technical Series 4(12): 25 - 35. (1987)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/stecnica/nr12/cap02.pdf
Plantas
daninhas e matocompeticao.
H.G. Blanco. IPEF - Boletim Informativo Especial - Special Informative
Bulletin Nº 15 Part 1. 145 pp.
(1977)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/stecnica/nr12/cap02.pdf
Herbicidas
em florestas. Volume II.
IPEF - Boletim Informativo Especial - Special Informative Bulletin
Nº 15 Part 2. 123 pp. (1977)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/boletim_informativo/bolinf15_p1.pdf
Tratos
culturais - Controle de ervas daninhas. IPEF Technical Circular Letter nº 17. 05 pp. (1976)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/ctecnica/nr017.pdf
Efeito
de herbicidas de pre-emergencia sobre o desenvolvimento inicial
de especies arboreas. R. A. Ferreira; A.C. Davide; E.N. Alcantara;
M.S. Motta. Revista Brasileira de Herbicidas. 13 pp. (Undated)
http://www.upf.br/rbherbicidas/download/RBH225.pdf
Visit some selected websites describing commercial brands of herbicides (not
to be regarded as commercial recommendations, but just as technical
references)
http://www.agro.basf.com.br/UI/_pdf/FISPQ/CHOPPER_FLORESTAL.pdf (Chopper)
http://quimicanova.sbq.org.br/qn/qnol/2002/vol25n4/13.pdf (Glifosato)
http://www.dowagro.com/PublishedLiterature/dh_0039/0901b8038003949f.pdf
?filepath=br/pdfs/noreg/013-00058.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc (Goal)
http://www.agricultura.rj.gov.br/links/herbicida.asp (Herbicidas)
http://www.dowagro.com/br/produtos/agro/herb.htm (Herbicidas
Dow)
http://www.monsanto.com.br/produtos/agroquimicos/fichas-de-emergencia
-e-bulas/fichas-de-emergencia-e-bulas.asp (Herbicidas Monsanto)
http://sbrtv1.ibict.br/upload/sbrt713.pdf?PHPSESSID=1040c4d50
aea4bf4d302062c07227814 (Herbicidas orgânicos)
http://www.wilderness.net/toolboxes/documents/invasive/Chapter%207g%20Imazapic.pdf (Imazapic)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/pd/v24n1/a18v24n1.pdf (Imazapyr)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/seminario_cultivo_minimo/cap16.pdf (Round-up)
http://www.monsanto.com.br/produtos/agroquimicos/fichas-de-emergencia-e-bulas/pdf/scout_fispq.pdf (Scout)
http://www.milenia.com.br/produtos/herbicidas/trop.pdf (Trop)
Curiosities and Oddities about the Eucalyptus
by Ester Foelkel
(http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/ester.html)
In this edition: The Disinfectant and Antiseptic Properties
of the Eucalyptus
Hygienic cleaning products are frequently used in humans and animal
circulation areas. This is considered an universal practice nowadays.
Some of the main cleansing products are called disinfectants. These
products may have many formulations and different components, but they
all must be capable to kill the targeted microorganisms. However, disinfectants
are unable to eliminate or to kill some esporulated strains of microrganisms
(Wikipedia, 2009; ANVISA, 2008). One of the most common ways to prevent
human illness is by good cleaning. By doing such we can avoid the dissemination
of the most pathogenic agents. Disinfectants receive also the names
antiseptics or bactericides, when they are used to reduce bacterial
proliferation on living tissues, especially on medicine or on veterinary
works (Wikipedia, 2009). The ANVISA (Brazilian National Sanitary Control
Agency) presents the prime technical definitions and suitable utilization
areas for each one of the most common disinfectants available in Brazil.
Disinfectants may be general in terms of many types of utilization's;
or specifics (proper for each segment or area, such as pool utilization,
food industries, hospitals, and many others). Pharmaceuticals and disinfectants
manufacturing industries are always studying new chemical groups aiming
to develop new cleansing products with lower human and environment
toxicity and with better selectivity. The final objective is controlling
only the target microorganisms without any other impact. So, many natural
components extracted from plants are getting stronger in the markets,
since there is the belief they are less harmful to Nature (Motta et
al. 2008).
The essential oils of various Eucalyptus species are some of these
natural products and some of them have scientifically proved disinfectant
and antiseptics properties. These plant origin organic complex components
are commonly named phyto-pharmaceuticals or phyto-chemicals. The high
dissemination potential of pathogenic agents through several parts
of the world is another relevant reason for new pharmaceuticals and
disinfectants studies. For these reasons, the knowledge about disinfectant
properties of Eucalyptus leaves can help very much in terms of disease
prevention. This is particularly true on distant population areas that
have restrict access on commercial markets. The Eucalyptus can help
manufacturing excellent home made disinfectants.
One of the main activities observed on Eucalyptus oils is the anti-microbial
effect. Kumar et al. apud Schuch (2008) related that this effect differs
according to the species. They evaluated 24 species of the Eucalyptus genus and each of them had different anti-microbial activities. Some
had excellent performance, and others, not that much. Takihashi and
contributors mentioned by Schuch (2008) also evaluated some Eucalyptus species extracts with respect to their effects against bacterias. The
species with better results were Eucalyptus globulus, Corymbia
maculata and E. botryoides, controlling mainly gram-positive bacterias as Pseudomonas
putida and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The same authors confirmed
that the same oils on 0.2% concentrations inhibited Streptococcus mutans
in 30 seconds.
Many Eucalyptus leaves components that provide disinfectant properties
have already been identified and studied. They are monoterpenes, like
1,8-cineol, alpha e beta-terpinene, 4-terpineol, and others, and some
tannins (Wikipedia, 2009; Hou et al. apud Schuch, 2008). Researching
E. citriodora (Corymbia citriodora) oil components, Chagas et al. cited
by Schuch (2008), observed that the citronelal was the most abundant
one, followed by 1,8-cineol and alpha-pinene. The citriodora oil is
the most used as commercial disinfectant in Brazil. Besides it, other
Eucalyptus oils are used for house cleaning on bathrooms and kitchens.
Some also can have a topic utilization (antiseptical) against Staphylococcus
aureus, a bacteria responsible for some skin infections.
Estanislau et al. (2001) evaluated the anti-bacterial activity associated
to extracts from dried and ground leaves of E. cloeziana, E. microcorys,
C. citriodora, E. saligna and E. grandis against Escherichia
coli, Streptococcus aureus and Salmonella choleraesuis microbiological activities.
The extracts with better bactericide performance were found to be the
C. citriodora and E. grandis ones.
Motta et al. (2008) pointed out the increasing botanical components
utilization on human medicine and also for antiseptic uses on domestic
animals treatments. This is specially due to their lower intoxication
risks and minimum environmental damages. That’s why different
leaves extracts from four distinct plants geni were tested by these
authors. This study objective was to prevent or control two contagious
bovine mastitis agents (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
agalactiae).
All leaves extracts had anti-bacteria activities and the compounds
derived from fresh Eucalyptus sp. leaves were the most efficient ones.
Schuch at al. (2008) also observed bovine mastitis bacteria inhibition
caused by plant extracts. The results showed that hydro-alcoholic Eucalyptus leaves extracts had good performances as bactericides for all bovine
mastitis agents tested.
Some anti-fungus Eucalyptus oil properties have also been proved.
Pattnaik et al. apud Schuch (2008) related Eucalyptus extracts anti-fungal
activities
on eleven from the twelve species of fungi observed and tested. Somda
et al. (2007) evaluated some plant extracts inhibitory activity on
a common fungus that attack Sorghum seeds. The extracts were obtained
from Cymbopogon (lemongrass), neen (Azadirachta indica), and Eucalyptus. The results indicated the lemongrass potential as fungicide. However
Eucalyptus and neen extracts didn’t show significant effectiveness
on this fungus control, but there was noticed an increasing seed
germination rate with the treatment.
Plant essential oils are the main home-made disinfectant components,
as well as some Eucalyptus species leaves. One of the most common
and simple home-made disinfectant recipes is made with water, ethanol
and
Eucalyptus leaves blends (WikiBook, 2009); although, there are some
more complex recipes. Some of them require special care about the
resulting toxicity and also some components are not very easy to
be found.
On the other hand, commercial disinfectants and bactericides containing
Eucalyptus oil can be found in almost all Brazilian supermarkets
and in many other countries too. There are two basic reasons for
the success
of these products as domestic disinfectants: the proper and effective
Eucalyptus oil disinfectant activity and its excellent fragrance,
associated as cleanliness by people.
Observe a lot more about the main disinfectant and antiseptic Eucalyptus properties on the selection of references we have prepared for your
browsing. See also some recommended articles available on the web
about this important issue and find out some Eucalyptus disinfectant
products
available on world markets.
Conceitos Desinfetante / Anti-sepsia. Wikipedia. Available on 13.05.2009:
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinfetante (Disinfectants)
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-sepsia (Antiseptics)
Desinfetante
de eucalipto caseiro. WikiBook. Recipes book. Available
on 12.05.2009:
http://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Livro_de_receitas/Desinfetantes_de_eucalipto_caseiros
Como
fazer desinfetante (receita)? R. Slonik. Available on 12.05.2009:
http://www.arteblog.net/geral/como-fazer-desinfetante-receita
Desinfetante
(de eucalipto). Mix das Essencias. Available on 12.05.2009:
http://www.mixdasessencias.com.br/upload/receitas/16.pdf
Desinfeccao
e desinfetantes. P. F. Domingues. UNESP - Faculdade
de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia. Aula 5 Graduacao. 19 pp. Available
on 12.05.2009:
http://www.fmvz.unesp.br/paulodomingues/graduacao/aula5-texto.pdf
Desinfetante
de eucalipto para banheiro. Portal Marcivan. Available
on 12.05.2009:
http://br.geocities.com/portalmarcivan/hlp1.htm#
Desinfetante%20de%20eucalipto%20para%20banheiro
How
to make natural disinfectant room spray. Eucalyptus disinfectant
room spray. How Home & Garden Editor. Available
on 12.05.2009:
http://www.ehow.com/how_4486471_make-natural-disinfectant-room-spray.html
ANVISA – Saneantes – Conceitos
tecnicos. Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria - Brazilian
National Sanitary
Control Agency.
Available on 02.12.2008:
http://www.anvisa.gov.br/saneantes/conceito.htm
Selected scientific and technical articles:
Desinfetantes,
eficacia e custo. D. S.Tozzetti; L. M. Santos; J.
F. Maia Jr.; C. Eduardo;D. D. Negri; D. M. Pereira. Revista Cientifica
Eletronica de Medicina Veterinaria 12. (2009)
http://www.revista.inf.br/veterinaria/revisao/pdf/AnoVII-Edic12-Rev46.pdf
Cinetica
da atividade antibacteriana in vitro de extratos naturais frente
a microorganismos relacionados a mastite bovina. L. F. D.
Schuch; J. M. Wiest; H. S. Coimbra; L. S. Prestes; L. Toni; J. S.
Lemos. Ciencia Animal Brasileira 9(1): 161-169. (2008)
http://revistas.ufg.br/index.php/vet/article/view/968/3442
Perfis
industriais. Fabricas de detergentes e desinfetantes. INDI/MG.
PowerPoint presentation: 17 slides. (2008)
http://www.indi.mg.gov.br/backup_site_29072008/Perfis/detergentesed.pdf
Comparacao
de diferentes extracoes hidroalcoolicas de plantas com indicativo
etnografico anti-septico / desinfetante. F. V. Motta;
L. F. D. Schuch; L. S. Prestes; M.E.B. Oyarzabal; H. S. Coimbra;
C. L. Goncalves. COMBRAVET 2008. Proceedings of Summaries. (2008)
http://www.sovergs.com.br/conbravet2008/anais/cd/resumos/R1263-2.pdf
Plantas
medicinais em atencao primaria veterinaria: atividade antimicrobiana
frente a bacterias relacionadas com mastite bovina e a dermatofitos. L. F. D. Schuch. Ph.D. Thesis. UFRGS. 206 pp. (2008)
http://www.lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/14334
Antibacterial
activity of leaf essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus
camaldulensis. B. R. Ghalem; B. Mohamed. African Journal
of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2(10):211-215. (2008)
http://academicjournals.org/AJPP/PDF/pdf2008/Dec/Ghalem%20and%20Mohamed.pdf
Evaluation
of lemongrass, Eucalyptus and Neem aqueous extracts for controlling
seed-borne fungi of Sorghum grown in Burkina Faso. I.
Somda; V. Leth; P. Sereme. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences
3(2):218-223. (2007)
http://www.idosi.org/wjas/wjas3(2)/12.pdf
O
uso comercial e popular do eucalipto Eucalyptus globulus Myrtaceae.
M.E.N. Rocha; C.L. Santos. Saude e Ambiente em Revista 2(2): 23 -
34. (2007)
http://www.unigranrio.br/unidades_acad/ibc/sare/v02n02/galleries/downloads/artigos/A02N02P03.pdf
O
uso de oleos essenciais na terapeutica. M.G.F. de La Cruz. ETNOPLAN/UFMT.
22 pp. (2002)
http://www.ufmt.br/etnoplan/artigos/%D3leos%20essenciais%20e%20terap%EAutica.PDF
Composicao
quimica e atividade antimicrobiana dos oleos essenciais de cinco
especies de Eucalyptus cultivadas em Goias. A. A. Estanislau;
F. A. S. Barros; A. P. Pena; S. C. Santos; P. H. Ferri; J. R. Paula.
Revista Brasileira de Farmacologia 13: 95-100. (2001)
http://www.sbfgnosia.org.br/admin/pages/revista/artigo/arquivos/13-2001_95_100.pdf
Coeficiente
fenolico na avaliacao microbiologica de desinfetantes de uso
hospitalar e domestico. J. Timenetsky; F. Alterthum. Revista
Saude Publica 23(2):170-174. (1989)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsp/v23n2/11.pdf
Visit some selected websites describing commercial brands of Eucalyptus disinfectants (not to be regarded as commercial recommendations,
but just as technical references)
http://www.gimba.com.br/desinfetante-de-eucalipto-com-5-litros.../detalhe_produto/?gbqs=s&menu
=SECAO&cod=111901&CODPROD=9228837 (in Portuguese)
http://www.solostocks.com.br/desinfetante-eucalipto-5-litros-voga-oferta-69551 (in Portuguese)
http://www.chemisch.com.br/arquivos/12/%7B08AEEA89-633F-4049-
9F35-051C2950990A%7D_737eucalipto.pdf (in Portuguese)
http://www.limpissima.com.br/produto.php?cod_produto=241496 (in Portuguese)
http://www.cloromt.com.br/pdf/desinfetante_eucalipto.pdf (in Portuguese)
http://www.archote.ind.br/pdfs/dweucalipto20.pdf (in Portuguese)
http://www.quimicaanastacio.com.br/pdf/13032007_223742.pdf (in Portuguese)
http://www.guardianecostore.co.uk/guardian/product.aspx?topGroup=380&
subCat=125&subGroup=3984 (in English)
http://www.advancedchemicals.com.au/safetydatasheets/SDS-
EUCALYPTUS_DISINFECTANT.pdf (in English)
http://www.rapidcleangeelong.com.au/pdf/Eucalyptus_Disso_msds.pdf (in English)
http://www.fgb.com.au/pdfs/BosHHBrochure08.pdf (in English)
Online
Technical References
In this section, we are as usual offering some
very good euca-links with relevant publications available in the
virtual world wide web library. You have only to click the URLs
addresses to open the documents and/or to save them. Since they
are references, we are not responsible for the opinion of the corresponding
authors. However, believe me, they are valuable references that
should be watched carefully, since they are very much connected
with the Eucalyptus. In this section, we are trying to balance
recent and historical publications, those that are helping to build
the foundations and the history of the Eucalyptus forestry, environment,
industrial utilization, and many other areas related to these magic
trees, forests and products.
To prevent that this section may become too long, we are in this
specific newsletter edition limiting the number of referenced and
relevant literatures to 12. We hope you may enjoy them.
Does
certification makes a difference: Impact assessment study on
FSC/SAN certification in Brazil. IMAFLORA. 96 pp. (2009)
http://www.imaflora.org/arquivos/Does_certification_make_a_difference.pdf
Producao
de florestas com qualidade: Preparo do solo. R.M.M.Sixel.
Website IPEF. (2009). Available on 06.06.2009:
http://www.ipef.br/silvicultura/preparodesolo.asp
Intensively
managed planted forests. Toward best practice. P.
Kanowski; H. Murray. The Forest Dialogue. 64 pp. (2008)
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd/pdf/impf/TFD%20IMPF%20Review.pdf
O
horizonte florestal do Mercosul. S. Palacios. Movimento de Solidariedade
Ibero-Americano. 24 pp. (2008)
http://www.alerta.inf.br/files.php?force&file=horizonte_florestal_mercosul_620053459.pdf
Pos-tratamento
e re-uso de efluente sanitario: Irrigacao em eucalipto.
R. Stefanutti. III Seminario sobre Rotas Tecnologicas da Biotecnologia
no Brasil. PowerPoint presentation: 56 slides. (2007)
http://www.fipase.org.br/biotecnologia/palestras/Ronaldo%20Stefanutti.pdf
Are
forests making a comeback? R. Sedjo; P. Kauppi; J. H. Ausubel.
Resources. An Interview. 03 pp. (2007)
http://www.rff.org/rff/News/Features/upload/26441_1.pdf
Madeira
- Uso e conservacao. A.L. Gonzaga. Technical
Notebooks nº 6. Programa Monumenta. 247 pp. (2006)
http://www.monumenta.gov.br/upload/Caderno%20Madeiraweb_1173383037.pdf
Guia
WWF - Seja legal - Boas praticas para manter a madeira ilegal
fora de seus negocios. F. Miller; R.Taylor; S. Safe; A.C. Guazzelli;
A. Arruda; B. Taitson. WWF - World Wildlife Fund. 80 pp. (2006)
http://assets.wwf.org.br/downloads/seja_legal_baixa.pdf
Estudo
dos constituintes quimicos de oleos volateis de plantas medicinais
do Rio Grande do Sul: Isolamento, determinacao e modificacao
estrutural e atividade biologica. E. Simionatto. Ph.D. Thesis.
UFSM - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. 232 pp. (2004)
http://cascavel.cpd.ufsm.br/tede/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1129
Gerenciamento
da rotina visando a melhoria da qualidade na empresa florestal. A.R.C. Almeida. Master Dissertation. UNICAMP. 121 pp.
(1998)
http://libdigi.unicamp.br/document/?down=000135376
Uruguay
- Alternativas para la transformacion industrial del recurso
forestal. Organizacao dos Estados Americanos. Organization of American
States. (1996). Available on 06.06.2009:
http://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/Unit/oea19s/begin.htm#Contents
References
about Events and Courses
This section has as aim to introduce to you several very
good links with recently already happened events (congresses,
seminars, conferences, workshops, courses). The advantage
provided to the readers is that the event organizers have
made the presentations or proceedings available for free
downloading. This is a very good way to practice social and
scientific responsibility. Our most sincere thanks to all
these organizers for this friendly procedure, sharing the
event material with the interested parties. I would like
to emphasize the importance of visiting the material of these
suggested events. Most of them have exceptional PowerPoint
presentations, rich on data, photos, images and references.
By doing this visit you can learn a lot more about the topics
discussed. Other courses or events offer the entire book
of technical articles, true sources of knowledge for our
readers.
We hope you may enjoy our selection of events and courses
presented in this edition:
PriceWaterhouse&Coopers
Annual Global Forest and Paper Industry Conference.(Global Home)
Every year, the consulting firm Price Waterhouse&Coopers organizes
this important event for the forestry and pulp and paper segment,
aimed at issues of competitiveness and market analyses. In 2009,
they have reached the conference number 22. However, thanks to
their open-minded philosophy, we are able to introduce to you the
four most recent ones. All these past four conferences have all
technical material kindly provided by PriceWaterhouse&Coopers
in its corporate website. Each of these conferences has a main
theme. You may learn about them, by browsing the suggested websites
to know more about what was presented there and to download the
speakers' presentations. To do this, and to find the most interesting
articles and issues to you, please, use the information of existing
signs in the left frame for each of the conference webpages.
2009
- 22nd Conference - Re-energizing the forest & paper industry
http://www.pwc.com/extweb/ncevents.nsf/docid/63974C1F63C4576B85257536007E5F31
2008 - 21st
Conference - Challenging times- winning strategies
http://www.pwc.com/extweb/ncevents.nsf/docid/03BB9DD2B9A98769852573A900682355
2007 - 20th
Conference - 20 years of change: looking back/moving forward
http://www.pwc.com/extweb/ncevents.nsf/docid/CC866C975BA73B208525720B0080E2EF
2006
- 19th Conference - (without a main theme)
http://www.pwc.com/extweb/ncevents.nsf/docid/F1189FB816613368852570CA001C29B6
Jornadas
de Salicaceas. Salicaceae Journee. (Argentina)
The Salicaceae family (poplars, cottonwoods, willows, aspen, etc.)
comprises important forest raw materials to Argentina. In some
regions, they are the main wood supply to Argentinean timber
and forest products industry, including pulp and paper. The Salix
and Populus trees have light woods and low to medium basic densities.
They are also regular sources of biomass energy in several countries.
In view of this importance, this event occurs regularly in Argentina
for the exchange of scientific and technical information on these
species of hardwoods. Poplars are also important in other countries
(Spain, Chile, Uruguay and even Brazil). They perform a complementary
supply of wood in these countries where Eucalyptus wood supplies
are relevant to the same kind of industries. For this reason,
we bring this knowledge, for considering it interesting and almost
unique.
http://www.jornadasalicaceas.com/index2.php?IDM=35 (Papers presented
at the 2009 Salicaceae Journee)
http://www.jornadasalicaceas.com/index2.php?IDM=13 (Papers presented
at the 2006 Salicaceae Journee)
INMETRO Sectorial Forum - Forest Certification and the
Biotechnology.
(Brazil)
Forum of discussions on the subject forest biotechnology and its
impacts on the forest certification system. Event organized by
INMETRO - National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and
Industrial Quality, which is responsible for the Brazilian forest
certification system with the name of CERFLOR. The event occurred
in 2009 in Rio de Janeiro.
http://www.inmetro.gov.br/painelsetorial/certFlorestalBio.asp (Forum
Program)
http://www.inmetro.gov.br/painelsetorial/palestras/Bio_FranciscoAragao.pdf (Speech by Francisco Aragao about Biosafety)
http://www.inmetro.gov.br/painelsetorial/palestras/Genolyptus_DarioGrattapaglia.pdf (Speech by Dario Grattapaglia about the Genolyptus project)
IV Simposio Latino-Americano sobre Manejo Florestal. Latin American
Symposium on Forest Management. (Brazil)
Traditional event organized by the Post-Graduate course in Forestry
at UFSM - Federal University of Santa Maria, which in its fourth
edition took place on the campus of the same university, in 2008.
The event had the cooperation of the Universitat fur Bodenkultur
from Vienna, with several presentations and mini-courses offered
by Austrian university professors. We should featuring the ever-enthusiastic
coordination and participation of UFSM professors Dr. Paulo Renato
Schneider, Dr. Cesar Augusto Guimaraes Finger and Dr. Miguel Durlo.
http://www.ufsm.br/simanejo (Event website )
http://www.ufsm.br/simanejo/Anais.pdf (Event proceedings)
http://www.ufsm.br/simanejo/palestras.html (PowerPoint presentations)
http://www.ufsm.br/simanejo/artigos.html (Articles and presentations)
http://www.ufsm.br/simanejo/minicursos.html (Mini-courses in PowerPoint)
http://www.ufsm.br/simanejo/paineis.html (Business panel speeches)
Seminario sobre Certificacao Florestal. Forest Certification
Seminar.
(Brazil)
Another event also organized by INMETRO - National Institute of
Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality, which is responsible
for providing the Brazilian forest certification system through
CERFLOR label. The event occurred in 2007 in Rio de Janeiro. The
presentations and the program are presented in the following euca-links
offered to you for navigation.
http://www.inmetro.gov.br/noticias/conteudo/certificacao_florestal.asp (Speeches)
http://www.inmetro.gov.br/qualidade/cerflor.asp (CERFLOR - the
INMETRO Brazilian Forest Certification Scheme)
III Seminario sobre Rotas Tecnologicas da Biotecnologia
no Brasil. Seminar on Technological Routes of Biotechnoly in Brazil. (Brazil)
The Third Seminar on Technological Routes of Biotechnology in Brazil,
has been carried out by FIPASE - Fundacao Instituto Polo Avancado
de Saude - Foundation for Advanced Health in Ribeirao Preto, in
June 2007. The event aimed at discussing issues of using biotechnology
in the following areas: Biotechnology and Human Health, Agriculture,
Industrial Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Environment, Biotechnology
Policy, Regulatory Frameworks and Incentives, Business Experiences
in Biotechnology. Other previous editions of this seminar are also
able to be accessed on the web. Both program and the third seminar
lectures are available below, as well as access pages of the previous
seminars:
http://www.fipase.org.br/biotecnologia/programacao.html (III Seminar
program)
http://www.fipase.org.br/biotecnologia/palestrantes.html (Speeches
available and organized according to speakers names)
http://www.fipase.org.br/biotecnologia/primeiraedicao.html ( I
Seminar webpage)
http://www.fipase.org.br/biotecnologia/segundaedicao.html (II Seminar
webpage)
2007
Genomics Workshop. (Brazil)
This event was held in 2007 at ESALQ / USP in cooperation with
the University of Illinois / USA and organized by Scaint - ESALQ
Section of International Activities. We have selected for you
some of the presentations that may be of interest:
http://www.esalq.usp.br/scaint/genomic/pdf/Helaine%20Biofuel2007%20Illinois-Esalq.pdf (Plant genomics - example of sugar cane - speech by Helaine Carrer)
http://www.esalq.usp.br/scaint/genomic/pdf/Luis%20Silva%20Functional%20genomic%20lab.pdf (Prospecting
genes of interest in agriculture – speech by
Luis Felipe Prada e Silva)
II
Seminario Nacional de Florestas Plantadas. National Planted Forests
Seminar.(Brazil)
Event organized by AMDA - Minas Gerais Association for Environmental
Protection, headed by our esteemed Maria Dalce Ricas. This event,
held in Belo Horizonte in 2003, continued the purpose of AMDA association
to bring together the main stakeholders in forest plantations to
stimulate dialogue and information exchange. Visit the website
to read the transcripts of the presentations.
http://www.amda.org.br/base/seminario-plantacoesflorestais
I
Seminario Cultivo Minimo do Solo em Florestas. Seminar about
Minimum Soil Preparation in Forestry. (Brazil)
This event was held in June 1995 in Curitiba/PR and it was organized
by IPEF - Institute of Forestry Research and Studies. Although
it is a not so recent event, the presentations and articles are
always of the utmost value to those who plant Eucalyptus forests,
because they bring several different views from forest companies
and scientific university researchers.
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/seminario_cultivo_minimo/
Euca-Links
Here, we are bringing to you a series of links
with several very good websites that have strong connection with
the Eucalyptus. I hope you may visit them, taking advantage of the
good technical material they offer at a no cost basis.
We hope you may enjoy our selection of Euca-Links presented in
this edition:
The Kraft
Pulping Course. (USA)
Definitely, this is an interesting website created to promote
a course on "kraft pulping" given by our enthusiastic
and competent friends Bill Fuller, Martin MacLeod and David Lebel.
All teachers have extensive experience in the areas of wood chips
preparation and kraft pulping science and technology. A similar
course has been offered for years through TAPPI (USA) and PAPTAC
(Canada). The website has some technical articles written by
the speakers as "bonus to internet users" and also
a fun game of questions and answers for beginners in this technology
(Kraft Jeopardy).
http://www.kraftpulping.com/home_kraft_pulping.html (Course website)
http://www.kraftpulping.com/games.html (Game - Kraft Jeopardy)
http://www.kraftpulping.com/bonus_articles.html (Bonus of articles)
Blog
BLRBAC - Black Liquor Recovery Boiler Advisory Committee. (USA)
BLRBAC is an association that is focused on developing procedures
and technologies for increased safety and performance of recovery
systems applied to kraft process liquor, in particular recovery
boilers, lime kilns, etc. The BLRBAC headquarters is located in
Atlanta, and this committee has numerous members, the majority
are companies based in the United States and Canada, but several
members are from other relevant kraft pulp countries, including
Brazil.
http://www.blrbac.org/recpractices.html (Best practices in kraft
liquor recovery)
http://www.blrbac.org/incident.html (Studies and reports about
incidents and accidents)
http://www.blrbac.org/documentsreviewcomment.html (Draft documents
in revision stage)
Blog
The Paper Planet (associated to the NGO Environmental Paper Network
- EPN). (USA)
The Environmental Paper Network is an NGO that takes care of publicizing
and promoting their concepts for manufacturing and trading of papers
with minimum environmental impact. They have preference for recycled
fibers or virgin fibers certified through chain of custody by FSC
- Forest Stewardship Council. There are a lot of information's
on the website, for this reason, it should be navigated, even if
you have some disagreements on what they promote. It's always good
to know the different viewpoints coming from stakeholders in the
Society, mainly if they are talking about paper. There are several
videos and links to other similar organizations.
http://www.whatsinyourpaper.com (Blog address)
http://www.whatsinyourpaper.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=15 (Facts and myths about paper recycling)
http://www.whatsinyourpaper.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6&Itemid=7 (Options to manufacture paper in sounder environmental ways, as
suggested by EPN)
http://www.whatsinyourpaper.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6&Itemid=7 (Toolkit to paper buyers to decide about the mostly correct papers)
http://www.whatsinyourpaper.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33&Itemid=27 (Video "Paper Calculator")
LANAQM
- Wood Anatomy and Quality Laboratory - Federal University of
Parana. (Brazil)
This is a valuable website for all those who are interested in
quality and anatomy of woods for industrial purposes, both of native
trees and exotic species. From the materials provided by the creators
of the website - professors of Forestry and Wood Products Engineering
at Federal University of Parana - I emphasize to you to visit the
excellent articles section. In it you are to find basic texts of
almost all the wood anatomy, with good illustrations and explanations.
A course for all who want to know more about the wood: botanical
aspects, taxonomy, formation, defects, cell walls, tree bark, xylem,
phloem, sap transportation, etc. Visit and download what you may
have interest, composing with these documents a great digital library
of nearly all relevant information about wood anatomy and quality.
http://www.lanaqm.ufpr.br/index.html (Website)
http://www.lanaqm.ufpr.br/index.html (Articles)
ICB -
UFMG - Institute of Biological Sciences - Federal University
of Minas Gerais. (Brazil)
The Botany Department of the UFMG makes available to all of us
excellent learning materials on the taxonomy of our friends, the
trees, with magnificent illustrations, thanks to the initiative
of professors Eduardo Leite Borda and Joao Renato Stehmann. I recommend
visiting the available class materials. I'm also taking the chance
to thank both teachers for this cooperation to interested parties
of the Society.
http://www.icb.ufmg.br/bot/mtem-bot/ (Fundamentals of Botany -
Part 1 - for downloading)
http://www.icb.ufmg.br/bot/mtem-bot/Morfologia_caule-raiz.pdf (Parts
of the plants - Roots and stem)
http://www.icb.ufmg.br/bot/mtem-bot/Morfologia_folha.pdf (Parts
of the plants - Leaves)
http://www.icb.ufmg.br/bot/mtem-bot/Gimnospermas.pdf (Gymnosperms)
http://www.icb.ufmg.br/bot/mtem-bot/Monocotiled%F4neas.pdf (Monocotyledons)
http://www.icb.ufmg.br/bot/mtem-bot/Angiospermas%20-%20
introdu%E7%E3o%20e%20grupos%20basais.pdf (Angiosperms)
INFOBIBOS. Technological Information's. (Brazil)
InfoBibos.com is a website that aims to disseminate knowledge,
methods and technologies generated from scientific research or
successful practices in agriculture and related sciences. It addresses
issues about supply chains in the field of agriculture, cattle
growing, forestry, natural resources and principles for quality
management. It pays to browse through the website sections, which
provide interesting knowledge, such as presentations, lectures,
fact sheets on flora with many photos. You are to discover good
articles, with great quality texts, sometimes about Eucalyptus plantations and riparian forests.
http://www.infobibos.com (Infobibos website)
http://www.infobibos.com/Aplicativos/Artigos2008.asp (2008 and
2009 articles)
http://www.infobibos.com/Aplicativos/Artigos2007.asp (2007 articles)
http://www.infobibos.com/Aplicativos/Artigos2006.asp (2006 articles)
http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2009_2/Eucalipto/Index.htm (Soil
zoning for Eucalyptus)
http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2008_4/Eucalipto/Index.htm (Eucalyptus new pests)
EcoLiterario
Blog - Planting Trees and Books. (Brazil)
An interesting and well-visited blog designed and maintained by
Mr. Bruno Resende Ramos, aimed at spreading environmental information
and to promote a book about Eucalyptus planting.
http://livroeucalipto.blogspot.com
Madeira
Legal. Legal Wood. (Brazil)
The mission of the Madeira Legal website is defined as to show
the positive things that the woods offer to Society. They accomplish
this target in didactic, entertaining and instructive ways, on
the basis of the scientific knowledge. There are modules oriented
to children, adults and teachers. Definitely, something that
the forestry sector was in need. Do not miss, it is of your best
interest, no doubts about.
http://www.madeiralegal.com.br/Home/0100frame.html (Facts about
woods and timber)
http://www.madeiralegal.com.br/menores/0300frame.html (To children)
http://www.madeiralegal.com.br/Profs/0200frame.html (To teachers)
Projeto Madeira e Legal. "Wood is Legal" project. (Brazil)
Website developed to promote the use of wood in the most correct
way by the Brazilians, especially in construction industry, furniture
manufacturing, etc. The project is endorsed by several public institution's,
NGOs and associations. The website offers good articles, textbooks,
books, presentations, etc. to promote the sustainable use of timber.
http://www.anggulo.com.br/madeira/retro/hotsite_retro.htm (Hotsite
Madeira e legal - Wood is "cool")
http://www.anggulo.com.br/madeira/retro/Lista%20Signat%E1rios/
Signat%E1rios%20-%20Madeira%20%E9%20Legal.pdf(Project members)
http://www.anggulo.com.br/madeira/retro/palestras.htm (Speeches)
http://www.anggulo.com.br/madeira/retro/manuais.htm (Articles and
virtual books)
MAMCYP - Website of the Master Course on Wood, Pulp and
Paper. UNaM - Universidad Nacional de Misiones. (Argentina)
Our dear "Friend of the Eucalyptus" professor Maria Cristina
Area and our esteemed professor Fernando Felissia are two of the
many enthusiastic teachers of the master's course and career in
wood, pulp and paper at FCEQYN - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas,
Quimicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Argentina.
Initially, the program started as a Specialization in Pulp and
Paper in 1988, becoming a Master Degree Program in 1995. The website
MAMCYP is rich in knowledge, such as the classes learning materials
and the most recent digital theses.
http://mamcyp.unam.edu.ar (UNaM Master program in pulp and paper)
http://www.fceqyn.unam.edu.ar (FCEQYN website - Facultad de Ciencias
Exactas, Quimicas y Naturales)
http://mamcyp.unam.edu.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=46 (Full text theses for downloading)
http://mamcyp.unam.edu.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=19 (Theses abstracts for downloading)
http://www.aulavirtual-exactas.dyndns.org/index.php?category=INQUI (Virtual classes on chemical engineering - You are required to
register a password to download the classes materials)
http://www.aulavirtual-exactas.dyndns.org/index.php?category=INMAN (Virtual classes on pulp and paper - You are required to register
a password to download the classes materials)
Technical
Mini-Article by Celso Foelkel
The Eucalyptus Plantation Forests and the Use of Pesticides
According to the Brazilian legislation, the term
pesticide (preferably agrotoxic chemical or agrotoxin) refers to
products used to combat
undesirable organisms, as well in agriculture, cattle raising, and
silviculture, as in the urban society itself. It concerns to substances
used to combat/kill pests and diseases (like insects, larvae, fungi,
bacteria, ticks, mites, virus, termites, etc.) and to control the
growth of vegetation (weeds), among other functions. The term "agrotoxins" came
by law to replace the expression "agricultural defensives",
which was more frequently used in agriculture. This was the fruit
of a mobilization on some segments of the organized civil society,
who wanted to associate such products with their toxic effects on
the remaining living beings and ecosystems. Agrotoxins have several
synonyms, such as "pesticides", "plant remedies", "poisons",
and even "agricultural defensives". As a function of their
specific use, pesticides can be unfolded into other more selective
names as: ant poisons, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, tick
poisons, raticides, acaricides, nematicides, larvicides, etc., etc.
As a matter of fact, my friends, the technological world is rather
dynamic: many innovations are being developed at global level, especially
in biotechnology, agro-ecology, biological pest control, plant resistance
to diseases and pests, etc. There are also efforts concerned with
developing molecules of lower levels of toxicity and even organic
molecules extracted from plants for weed and pest/diseases control.
Considering all this, we hope that within some decades more the terminology "agrotoxic
chemicals" will become obsolescent, since other ways of combating
these undesirable organisms may have appeared. By way of example,
we cite: use of pheromones, hormones, microbiological pesticides,
insect repellents, products for pest sexual castration, etc.
Brazil, considering its vocation for the agribusiness, is a huge
market for the sale of pesticides. Our country has a ongoing dispute
with the United States of America for the first position in the ranking
of the greatest worldwide consumers of pesticides. Among the dozens
of products formulated in Brazil, the majority are destined for herbicides
(44%), followed by insecticides and fungicides (about 28% each).
It is definitely a very important market and a very important economic
activity: just considering the Brazilian case, it represents approximately
6 billion dollars per annum, one billion corresponding to imported
products. The Brazilian agricultural crops presenting the highest
consumption of pesticides are as follows: soybean, sugar cane, corn,
cotton, coffee, and citrus plants. This is due to the fact that they
have the largest planted areas, as well as management for annual
harvesting.
Although the forest plantations represent a planted area similar
to that of sugar cane, the planted forest consumes much lower amounts
of pesticides per hectare.year, because the planted forest is only
submitted to application of pesticides in its initial planting stage
(in the nursery for seedling preparation, in the preliminary planting
for cleaning the area, in the forest planting and maintenance in
the first or until the second year of growth). Thereafter, until
the harvesting age (Eucalyptus = 6 to 8 years and Pinus = 15 to 22
years), the use of pesticides is close to nil. It only occurs in
leaf-cutter ant control, or in some localized infestation of some
pest or disease, or for weed competition control. For this reason,
the initial applications are diluted along these years in which the
forests are not submitted to any application of pesticides (or just
to a small extent). At some forest companies, the application of
herbicides is extended for the whole forest rotation, in order to
keep the "forest clean" from understorey vegetation; at
all of them there occurs constant leaf-cutter ant control and all
of them monitor the eventual appearance of some pest or disease,
whether known or not. It is very difficult to apply pesticides to
already established forests, due to crown dimensions and tree heights.
Applications by airplanes are complicated and little efficient. Therefore,
the whole attention is given to find the initial focuses and to eliminate
the problem at its origin. When the pest scatters around, the preferred
alternative is the use of biological predators (biological control).
In general, about 600 thousand hectares per year of new plantation
forests are being planted at present in Brazil, while the total planted
area amounts to 6.5 million hectares. This means that only 10 to
a maximum of 20% of the total planted area is receiving a more intensive
application of pesticides, while the remaining planted area is growing
and is submitted to some pesticide application just in case of some
localized attack by ants, caterpillars, or some other "harmful
organism". Just by way of comparison, the soybean, corn, and
sugar cane crops are annual and represent intensively farmed areas
of 22, 9.5, and 6 million hectares, respectively. Thus, it can be
felt that the plantation forest sector contribution to the pesticide
related theme is not so significant, but this is no reason for being
minimized.
Although the amount of active ingredients of pesticides applied per
hectare.year to the planted forests is relatively low with regard
to the annual agricultural crops, there are always complaints on
the part of environmental NGOs. Among their fragile arguments, they
claim that the human society "does not feed wood" and for
this reason they criticize the forest plantations and the use of
pesticides in them. By so doing, perhaps they want to show that "they
forgive or accept" the use of pesticides in agriculture for
food production, but not in the planted forests. They forget that
people’s happiness and welfare do not depend just on food,
but on a large amount of other goods, such as: housing, furniture,
books, medicines, disinfectants, transporting vehicles, etc. In all
these items and a great deal of other ones we will find the products
of the planted forests serving as raw material or even as final goods.
Manufacturing and using pesticides will be always questioned, as
to this point there are no doubts. This is healthful as drivers for
technological changes. The environmentalists argue that there are
many researches showing problems related to illnesses in human beings
resulting from the use of pesticides. This does not only refer to
the problems connected with burns or intoxication's presented by
people applying the pesticides. It also refers to the consumption
of pesticides present in food, leading to serious illnesses like
cancer, Parkinson and other diseases of the central nervous system.
The most enthusiastic environmental NGOs come to suspect that there
is a sort of a "pesticide mafia". They argue that the same
companies manufacturing the agrotoxic chemicals to kill pests and
diseases also produce the agricultural seeds. As a result of it,
they suggest that the varieties are developed for high dependency
upon these chemical products, which means an interminable vicious
cycle in their opinion. In conclusion, there are concerns and oppositions – this
is good when they are well-dosed and well-argued, as they help improve
the today's ongoing model. We know that it is not the ideal one,
but it is what we have available for the high productivity rates
required in agriculture, cattle growing, and silviculture. As a matter
of fact, things are also happening in this sector of the chemical
industry. Let’s remember that some years ago several more dangerous
molecules were used: BHC, DDT, dodecachlorine, pentachlorphenol,
etc. At present, large percentages of the pesticide formulations
are classified in Brazil either as class III (blue or low-risk label)
or class IV (green label, meaning minimum risk to human beings).
The greatest unhappiness resulting from the use of pesticides may
be its indiscriminate and excessive use. A philosophy of preventive
applications was developed in agriculture, that is, the "poison" is
applied even without the pest being present. It is enough to have
favorable weather conditions for the appearance of the pest, for
preventive applications to be made at once. Sometimes these applications
are made on the basis of an application calendar, even without having
harmful organisms molesting the crops. It becomes more expensive,
more aggressive to the environment, and very little sustainable to
act in this way. For these and other reasons, the present technologies
for pest, weed, and disease control are questioned. Many people believe
that the methodologies are only directed towards trying to eliminate
the pests chemically and nothing else. We will speak a little more
about this farther on.
Both agriculture and silviculture are working at present in the search
of sustainable and certified models. Sustainable management, as it
is considered at present, accepts the use of pesticides in agriculture
and silviculture, provided that applications are made according to
the legal requirements, guaranteeing safety for the worker and the
neighboring population, as well as within that recommended by the
effective criteria of the certifying entities. However, to all those
wanting to have certifications and labeling of sustainable companies,
it is suggested to always look for other less impacting alternatives
than the today's available pesticides, as for instance: biological
control, genetic improvement searching for resistant or tolerant
varieties, etc.
As a matter of fact, the environmentalists’ most serious concerns
are also concerns directing the actions of managers and technicians
working for the forest-based companies. It is enough to evaluate
the targets of these companies with regard to pesticides, to perceive
this fact. Have a look at what at present is being aimed at in the
researches and operations of the Brazilian leading companies in terms
of forest plantations (Eucalyptus, Pinus, black wattle, etc.):
• reduction in the specific consumption of pesticides per hectare of
effectively planted area;
• prevention and reduction of risks and impacts on the health of people,
non-target organisms, and ecosystems;
• extremely advanced safety procedures in handling, storage and applications;
• constant search for molecules of lower toxicity for forest applications;
• search for new alternative models, to prevent weed competition, pests,
and diseases from appearing;
• soil microlife evaluation, in order to understand the effects of
pesticides on beneficial organisms of the soils (mycorrhizae, rhizobia,
etc.);
• constant monitoring of the degree of infestation with weeds, pests,
and pathogens, for application of the correct dosage at the right
moment;
• monitoring of the degree of resistance of the pathogens, in order
to understand the eventual gain on resistance of these organisms
with regard to the pesticides in use;
• quality control in all types of pesticide applications, always aiming
to optimize the operations;
• constant search for new plant varieties (or clones) capable of presenting
higher resistance or tolerance to pests and diseases (Examples of
successes: control of Eucalyptus rust and canker diseases);
• availability of quick measures for developing predatory organisms
for pests and diseases biological control (Examples: control of Pinus
wood wasp by using the Deladenus siricidicola nematode; control of
Eucalyptus defoliating caterpillars by using the Bacillus thuringiensis
bacteria);
• maintenance of healthy forests with minimum presence of stressed
and fragilized trees (to thin them, as required), since they are
more sensitive to pests and diseases, becoming doors of entrance
for them;
• search for mechanisms favoring reduction in the life span of pesticides
after their application, making them more biodegradable in the soil
or even in the target plants;
• etc., etc.
Belonging to the forest sector, we know and understand the risks
and threats of pesticides, which should be controlled and minimized
by efficient mechanisms for environmental and quality management.
However, in the present technological stage, the high forest productivity
rates must be reached, otherwise the environmental impact may be
even more significant. The highly productive forests are more eco-efficient:
they consume less water, fewer nutrients, and fewer pesticides per
ton or cubic meter of produced wood. In case the forest yields decrease,
larger plantation areas would be required to meet the present human
demand for wood. As a result of it, the environmental impacts would
even be more significant, and larger areas would be required. The
same applies to agriculture. Just imagine that about 35 years ago
the corn productivity was 50% lower per hectare and the Brazilian
population half the present one. Had the gains in productivity of
this culture not been achieved, the corn area we use today would
have to be at least twice as large, in order to meet the present
Brazilian requirements of this type of grain.
The preferred mechanisms by forest planters to combat pests and diseases
are as follows: incorporation of plant resistance to diseases and
pests, and biological control. However, there are other technological
options that can and must be further studied by the forest-based
sector and by agriculture.
I will present some of them to you for your reflection and possible
actions. I have no doubts that it is necessary to know more about
all these issues as related to our dear friends, the Eucalypti.
Use of the covering power of after-harvesting
residues for choking and allelopathic effects on the competitive
vegetation that would
tend to germinate
This type of practice has already gained importance in the planted
forest sector, but still lacks on deeper studies with respect to
weed competition combat and allelopathic effects. The emphasis has
been placed on nutrient cycling rather than other advantages of this
organic cover to reduce the use of pesticides.
Molecules of allelopathic compounds to replace or supplement the
use of chemical herbicides
Allelopathy is generally defined as the effect of a plant species
on (an)other one(s), through the inhibition of germination, disturbance
in growth, and even causing its (their) death. This is a result of
the release of chemical substances produced by that plant, in general
in its leaves, roots, and/or bark. The allelopathic compounds may
act by altering the absorption of nutrients, regulation of growth,
photosynthesis, respiration, permeability of the cellular membrane,
etc. The production of allelochemicals by plants depends on a large
number of factors, among which genetics, soil fertility, plant density,
age and metabolic stage, drought, exposure to light, etc. To discover
allelopathic plants and to identify the allelochemical compounds
may be a fantastic new tool for new and definitely natural herbicides,
is it not so? Instead of keeping worried about allelochemicals, we
should search for them, as soon as possible.
Organic molecules obtained from plant extracts for use in repellency
or phytochemical control of pests and diseases
Well-known are the antifungal and insect repellency effects of many
extracts from plants growing in Brazil, such as: jurubeba (Solanum
cordifolium); basil (Ocimum basilicum); lemon grass (Cymbopongon
citratus); lemon Eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora), "stone-breaker" (Phyllanthus
niruri); ginger grass (Lippia alba); and neen, or Indian neen (Azadirachta
indica). Just imagine, my friends, considering the power we have
in terms of biodiversity of our Brazilian natural forests, how many
molecules should be waiting for their turn to be found! An immense
ground to be explored, in order to discover more natural ways of
attacking phyto-pathogens.
Alternatives in forest eco-mosaic management
It is well-known that the diversified and permanent natural systems
are sustainable and that the monocultures are much more fragile as
to pest and diseases attacks. The monoculture areas may yield extremely
high productivity rates, but it is correct to imagine that they will
demand higher and higher costs with agrochemicals and prevention
and controlling of resulting environmental impacts. It is up to the
forest researcher to work in the search of other alternatives leading
to high productivity rates of wood, but in more diversified models,
such as: culture rotation, agro-forest systems, agro-ecological systems,
product diversification in the same system, etc.
Alternatives offered by biomimesis and by the phyto-chemical ecology
The purpose of biomimesis is to study Nature so as to learn with
it (not about it). By knowing how Nature solves, in its natural ecosystems,
the problems of competition between plants, pests and diseases attacks,
biomimesis might help developing new ways of agricultural and forest
cultivation. Biomimesis is based on the study of biological systems
to develop or improve new engineering solutions, since the problems
faced by both Nature and technologies created by man are similar.
Now, as to phyto-chemical ecology, it would supplement with the studies
of phyto-chemicals present in the plants at natural ecosystems, trying
to understand the phenomena found on the basis of the chemical molecules
present in these ecosystems. Thus, through the knowledge of physiology
and ecology, it will be possible to know the roles of the chemicals
used by Nature to keep sustainable these ecosystems. All this might
lead to new ways of controlling pests and diseases of agricultural
and silvicultural crops: instead of annihilating pathogens or weeds,
the idea is to make the planted crops physiologically capable of
coexisting with them.
Safe use of forest biotechnology
The identification of genes offering tolerance or resistance to pests,
diseases, and even to the pesticides themselves, has helped increasing
agricultural and forest productivity rates and contributed to reduce
pesticide requirements in planting areas. It is up to the geneticists
to safely transfer these genes to other commercial plants and varieties.
This is already being done with regard to the Eucalyptus, in the
same way as it is already done for many years in cultures such as
that of coffee, citrus plants, etc. However, it should be emphasized
that up to recent past moment, this gene transfer occurred either
by controlled crossings or by hybrid production. At present, there
is also the tool of the genetic engineering and production of genetically
modified organisms (GM trees). This presently existing new technology,
still pregnant with high expectation levels for commercial application
in forestry, deserves studies and maximum responsibility on the part
of researchers and undertakers of the Brazilian agribusiness.
Taking advantage of the concepts of
Francis Chaboussou’s
theory of trophobiosis
The theory of trophobiosis (http://comunidades.mda.gov.br/o/899393)
was developed by the famous researcher Dr. Francis Chaboussou to
explain for which reason there are plants that are not attacked by
pests and diseases in an agricultural or forest plantation infested
with them. The plants are there as "available food", but
they will only be attacked by insects, nematodes, fungi, or bacteria
when they have in their saps precisely the food needed by these pathogens.
This "food" mainly contains free amino acids, which are
simple substances, quickly taken advantage of. In other words, a
healthy, well-fed plant, having well-balanced sap in terms of proteins
(composed of amino acids), will be hardly attacked by pests and diseases.
Pathogens would starve in a healthy plant, or else, they would immediately
look for a plant presenting nutritional unbalance. According to Chaboussou,
soluble chemical fertilizers and pesticides are factors causing unbalance
in plant metabolism, causing the plant to have in its sap a larger
amount of free amino acids and a smaller content of complex proteins.
The more intense the synthesis of proteins, the smaller would be
the surplus of free amino acids, sugars, and soluble minerals that
insects and microorganisms need to feed. Pests have a very small
variety of digestive enzymes, which reduces their possibility of
taking complete advantage of large and complex molecules as those
of proteins. Furthermore, the efficient formation of proteins increases
the level of respiration and photosynthesis by the plant, improving
the whole plant metabolism. Plants receiving unbalanced nutrition
will probably require an application of pesticides – closing
this dependent cycle on chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
The new Science & Technology frontiers with regard to pesticides
If we had the ability to visualize, just for a moment, the future
technological roads for the Eucalyptus planted forests, we would
see that there are very good and even very simple things waiting
for us. Definitely, man’s ability to innovate is fabulous and
it is happening in a surprisingly fast rate.
Just have a look at some things I myself succeeded in visualizing,
even needing to wear glasses, in my quick glimpse of the future:
•
with the development of the ethanol production based on cellulosic
raw materials, the weeds that at present must be annihilated by herbicides
in agricultural and forest cultivation will become raw materials
for alcohol production. Instead of applying "plant killing poisons",
in the future this organic matter will be harvested and sent to biofuel
production. Soil nutrients will be exported, there are no doubts
about it, but this will be another problem to be solved by science.
After all, a technological solution always results in other researches
being required: an endless road.
• With a better knowledge about the nutritive value of the bodies and
constituents of the pests (ants, caterpillars, wasps, moths, etc.),
instead of being destroyed and killed, they might be attracted and
transformed into raw materials for some industrial (animal food,
for instance) or even handicraft use (if on a small scale). For example,
the Chinese are at present researching the food utilization and nutritive
value of caterpillars and pupae of the silkworm, since this insect
has in its body constitution more proteins than milk and eggs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm).
Moreover, its excrements are at present used and disputed as valuable
organic fertilizer. Up to the present days, our paradigm has been
the following: to solve the problems of pests and agricultural diseases
we need to combat and annihilate them. The use of pesticides has
been a remarkable tool for this purpose. However, pests will always
go on existing and new ones will appear and multiply. I wonder whether
we will have to keep killing them up to the end of our days. An alternative
would be to find uses for their little bodies and constituents. Would
this not be more eco-efficient and natural? From undesirable, they
would become desirable: just consider what fantastic change of technological
status!
By way of conclusion of this not so mini-article, I would like to
leave here a final reflection: how will we be able to avoid the damages
caused by pests and diseases attacks on commercial plants without
using pesticides? We have already projected an alternative way for
weed competition: the weeds will become raw material for biofuel
production. As far as pests and diseases of plants are concerned,
the solution is somewhat more difficult. Maybe we should have to
look at ourselves, human beings, in a mirror, in order to try to
find a solution. After all, we are the greatest predators of living
beings on this planet, the worst of all pests from this eco-environmental
perspective.
Eucalyptus
Online Book & Newsletter are technical information texts
written and made available free of charge to all people involved
with the
forestry and utilization of the Eucalyptus. It depends only on registering
yourself to receive them.
Technical coordination - Celso Foelkel
celso@celso-foelkel.com.br
Webmaster / editing - Alessandra Foelkel
Celsius Degree: Phone (+55-51) 3338-4809
Copyright © 2007-2010
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