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Editorial


Good morning to all of you, my dear Eucalyptus friends,

Dear friends, here we are again, now with the issue number 25 of our Eucalyptus Newsletter. We are having some momentary changes in the order of launching the Eucalyptus Newsletters and the chapters of the Eucalyptus Online Book due to internal adjustments motivated by sequencing of topics. We appreciate your understanding. In a couple of editions more, we will be returning with more chapters of our virtual book about the Eucalyptus. In the meantime, please enjoy the topics we are delivering through the Eucalyptus Newsletter, thanks.

This is definitely a very special edition, prepared with great respect, admiration and enormous friendship. This is because it has the mission to share with you at least a fraction of the dedicated and productive academic career of our great and talented friend Professor Dr. Jose Livio Gomide, honored in this issue as a great "Friend of the Eucalyptus". Those who may wish to devote some time to browse through our indications of Dr. Gomide's scientific papers are to have the chance to access one of the most qualified databases about the quality of the Eucalyptus woods and the relationship to pulp and paper products and processes. Enjoy to learn from this great Brazilian academic teacher and master researcher.

In this issue, we are also creating what we might call "Eucalyptus Newsletter Archives", consisting in a retrospective of most of our writing efforts released through this digital technical information service, since its origin in 2005 until December 2009. Remember that our target is to be one of the best and most comprehensive global sources of high-quality information about the Eucalyptus. We hope you may like to get back to what has been already brought in all past issues.

Our technical mini-article complements this issue with something coming from the forest-side and very much sought by our readers, always demanding for a simple and effective way to add value to Eucalyptus woods. We are offering to you some important concepts about "Pruning the Eucalyptus Trees".

In case you are not registered yet to receive free-of-charge the Eucalyptus Newsletter and the chapters of the Eucalyptus Online Book, I suggest you to do it through the following link: Click here for registration.

We have several non-financial supporting partners to the Eucalyptus Online Book & Newsletter: TAPPI, IPEF, SIF, CeluloseOnline, CETCEP/SENAI, RIADICYP, TECNICELPA, ATCP Chile, Appita, CENPAPEL, TAPPSA, SBS, ANAVE, AGEFLOR, EMBRAPA FLORESTAS, GIT - Eucalyptologics, Forestal Web, Painel Florestal, INTA Concordia - Novedades Forestales and Papermakers' Wiki. They are helping to disseminate our efforts in favor of the Eucalyptus in countries such as: Brazil, USA, Canada, Chile, Portugal, Spain, Colombia, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, Uruguay, Finland and South Africa. However, thanks to the world wide web, in reality, they are helping to promote our project to the entire world. Thanks very much to our partners for believing in what we are doing in favor of the Eucalyptus. Know more about all of our today’s partners and meet them at the URL address:
http://www.eucalyptus.com.br/partners.html

Thanks for all incentives and support to our work, in special to readers, ABTCP, sponsors, and partners. We have already exceeded our target of registered readers, when about 12,000 people are getting monthly these online publications about the Eucalyptus. From this edition onwards, our digital newsletters will also be directed to ABTCP e-mailing list, thanks to our partnership with this technical association. This will enable another 20,000 new readers to receive our infomative material. Don't forget that we also have thousands of accesses through the websites www.abtcp.org.br; www.eucalyptus.com.br and www.celso-foelkel.com.br, or even because the fact that the web searching tools very often find our websites when someone is searching for Eucalyptus. I beg your help to publicize and to inform about our project to your friends, in case you feel these publications may be helpful to them. Please, accept my personal thanks, and also the gratitude from Celsius Degree, ABTCP, Botnia, International Paper do Brasil, KSH-CRA Engenharia, Suzano, Fibria and from the supporting partners.

Our best wishes and a hug to all of you, and please enjoy your reading. We all hope you may like what we have prepared to you this time.

Celso Foelkel
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br
http://www.eucalyptus.com.br

http://www.abtcp.org.br

In this Edition

Eucalyptus Newsletter Archives - A 2005/2009 Retrospective

The Friends of the Eucalyptus - Professor Dr. Jose Livio Gomide

Online Technical References - A Selection of some Master of Science and Ph.D. Theses from UFV - Federal University of Vicosa under Dr. Jose Livio Gomide Guidance and Advising

Technical Mini-Article by Celso Foelkel
Pruning Eucalyptus Trees

Eucalyptus Newsletter Archives

A 2005/2009 Retrospective

In this section, we are bringing to you a consolidation of most of our effort and writing creation in the period 2005 to 2009, offering the opportunity to remind you about our most important sections made available in the 24 editions of our Eucalyptus Newsletters, published since its origin till December 2009. We intend to make this kind of retrospective at the end of each calendar year, always updating this long list file for you.

Each one of our editions is organized into sections, some of which are covered at all issues. Various others come in the format of texts, tutorials, reviews or compilations, etc. The sections "References about Events and Courses" and "Euca-Links" occur on almost all issues. In these, we try to present interesting websites to be navigated and browsed, always containing good quality literature, lectures, teaching materials from courses, books, events, photos, charts, figures, tables, etc. Certainly, they are always related to the Eucalyptus. Other sections are less frequent, such as the "Online Digital Magazines" and "A Talk with Alberto Mori about the Papers Manufactured with Eucalyptus Fibers". Moreover, we have a section called "Online Technical References" whose contents vary in each edition, but with the goal to bring good literature about the Eucalyptus for our readers.

Two sections of amazing success among our readers and for which we place a lot of attention and efforts are: "The World of the Eucalyptus" and "The Friends of the Eucalyptus". They focus mainly on regions and people who are world leaders in terms of Eucalyptus. Many researchers have been so far honored and their scientific and technical production shared with our readers. Similarly, several countries and Brazilian states have deserved wide coverage in relation to what they are developing in forestry and forest-based industry.

In 2009, we have introduced two new sections: "Eco-efficiency and Sustainability Corner" and "A Meeting with the Forest Sector Innovation". Through them, we seek to bring the state-of-the-art to the forest-based segment, both environmentally and technologically speaking.

The Ester Foelkel's mini-articles on "Curiosities and Oddities about the Eucalyptus" cover an interesting variety of titles and situations, seeking to elucidate and to clarify the general public about the many uses of Eucalyptus for the benefit of the world Society. On the other hand, our section "Technical Mini-Article by Celso Foelkel" has had the mission to increase the knowledge and to clarify readers about conceptual or technical issues that for some reasons have different levels of understanding by people in our Society, and therefore, ultimately result in conflicting and misunderstanding situations. Finally, randomly and often by suggestions from readers, we have several special sections, such compilations, reviews or text tutorials, dealing with topics of great interest about the Eucalyptus.

Finally, our Eucalyptus Newsletter is also oriented to offer, free-of-charge and to all interested people, the "Eucalyptus Online Book" chapters, launched as a digital book about the many aspects of the Eucalyptus, by Celso Foelkel.

We invite you all to visit our 2005/2009 archives and to access our technical production, according to the interest of each one. Please, use the following links:

Section - "The World of the Eucalyptus"

The Eucalyptus in Portugal

State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

South Africa

Uruguay

Mato Grosso & Mato Grosso do Sul - Brazil

State of Sao Paulo - Brazil

Section - "The Friends of the Eucalyptus"

Dr. Herbert Sixta

Forest engineer Teotonio Francisco de Assis

Dr. Robert Paul Kibblewhite

Dr. Laercio Couto

Dra. Maria Cristina Area

Dr. Luiz Ernesto George Barrichelo

Dr. Jose Luiz Stape

Mr. Gustavo Iglesias Trabado

Professor Jose Paz Pena

Professor Roberto Melo Sanhueza

Professor Paulo Renato Schneider

Professor Miguel Angel Mario Zanuttini

Dr. Dario Grattapaglia (just in Portuguese till now)

Dr. Alberto Daniel Venica


Section "Online Technical References"
- Just the editions associated to some specific issue

Technical References about South Africa

Technical References about Uruguay

Ph.D. Theses, Master Dissertations and Monographs from Chilean Universities

Technical References about Mato Grosso & Mato Grosso do Sul

"O Papel" Magazine Cover Stories (Just in Portuguese till now)

Historical Books about the Eucalyptus written by Edmundo Navarro de Andrade, Armando Navarro Sampaio and Octavio Vecchi

Some More Historical and Classic Books about the Eucalyptus


Section "Euca-Links"
- Just the editions associated to some specific issue

Euca-Links about South Africa

Euca-Links about Uruguay

Euca-Links about the State of Sao Paulo


Section "References about Events and Courses"
- Just the editions associated to some specific issue

Events and Courses in South Africa

Events and Courses in Uruguay

Events and Courses in Mato Grosso & Mato Grosso do Sul


Section "Online Digital Magazines" - Just the editions associated to some specific issue

Digital Magazines in South Africa

Digital Magazines in Uruguay

Digital Magazines in the State of Sao Paulo - Brazil


Section "A Meeting with the Forest Sector Innovation" - Just the editions associated to some specific issue

ABTCP Articles (Just in Portuguese till now)

Technological Roadmaps

Section "Eco-Efficiency and Sustainability Corner" - Just the editions associated to some specific issue

ABTCP Articles (Just in Portuguese till now)

Eco-Labelling and Forest Certification


Section "A Talk with Alberto Mori about the Papers Manufactured with Eucalyptus"

A Talk with Alberto Mori about the Papers Manufactured with Eucalyptus Fibers

Decor Papers


Texts, Tutorials and Relevant Selected Topics about the Eucalyptus

Australia Plants - The genera Eucalyptus, Corymbia and Angophora

Forest Certification

Environmental Impact Assessment Studies of the New Market Pulp Mills (Botnia and ENCE) in Uruguay

Eucalyptus in Asia

Eucalyptus Diseases

The Graduate Course in Pulp and Paper Technology at the Federal Universiy of Vicosa

The Graduate Course in Forest Engineering - Forest Products Technology - UFSM Federal University of Santa Maria

Wood Anatomy - A Tutorial - A Photo Gallery on Images and Wood Anatomy Sceneries

Wood Anatomy: A Complement to our Previous Tutorial

Insect Pests and Diseases of the Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus Essential Oils

Honey Production from Eucalyptus

Genomics in Eucalyptus

Environmental Impact Assessment Studies for Modern Pulp Fiberlines

Environmental Legislation for Modern Pulp Fiberlines: a Study Made Available by the Tasmania Government

Bleaching of the Eucalyptus Kraft Pulps

Best Available Techniques to the Manufacture of Eucalyptus Pulp (a continuation on this topic)

Costs and Profits in the Eucalyptus Wood Production by Coppice / Clear Cutting Forest Management

Eucalyptus Photo Gallery

A Field Guide to the Eucalyptus and Plantation Forest Trees

Planting and Growing Eucalyptus Plantation Forests

Albany resources (Western Australia) pay off for forward thinking

Eucalyptus: Doubts, Creeds, Myths, Facts e Realities. Part 01: The opinion of the "contrary interested parties"

Eucalyptus: Doubts, Creeds, Myths, Facts e Realities. Part 02: The opinion of the "favorable interested parties"

RISI Top 50 Power List

Eucalyptus Global Map 2008

Eucalyptus World Map

Tributes to the Eucalyptus: in the Music and in the Literature

Weed Competition and Control in Eucalyptus Forest Plantations

Five Years of The Section "Ask the Euca Expert" (Just in Portuguese till now)

Eucalyptus Wooden Poles (Just in Portuguese till now)

FEENA - "Edmundo Navarro de Andrade" Sao Paulo State Forest

Eucalyptus Museum

Prices of Forest Products

Costs of Forest Operations with Eucalyptus


Section - "Curiosities and Oddities about the Eucalyptus" by Ester Foelkel

The Eucalyptus and its Artcraft

The Eucalyptus Inspiring Arts

The Eucalyptus used in Landscape Designing and Gardening

The Eucalyptus being used to the Production of Bonsais

The Eucalyptus used for the Production of Insect Repellents

The Eucalyptus used for the Production of Honey - A top quality apiculture

The Eucalyptus used for the Production of Soaps & Detergents

The Production of Shiitake Mushroom based on Eucalyptus Logs

The Association of the Eucalyptus to Human Allergies

The Disinfectant and Antiseptic Properties of the Eucalyptus

The Eucalyptus and the Production of Tannins (Just in Portuguese till now)

Railway Sleepers made from Eucalyptus Woods

Eucalyptus Wood Flooring


Eucalyptus
Online Book Chapters by Celso Foelkel

Bark of the Eucalyptus Trees: Morphological, Physiological, Forestry, Ecological and Industrial Aspects Oriented to the Pulp and Paper Production (Just in Portuguese till now)

Minerals and Nutrients on Eucalyptus Trees: Environmental, Physiological, Silvicultural and Industrial Aspects about the Inorganic Elements Present on Trees (Just in Portuguese till now)

The Eucalyptus Fibers and the Kraft Pulp Quality Requirements for Paper Manufacturing

Vessel Elements and Eucalyptus Pulps

Industrial Solid Wastes from Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp Production. Part 01: Fibrous Organic Residues

Eco-Efficiency in Managing the Pulp Fiber Losses and the Broke Generated in Paper Manufacturing

Eco-efficient Management of Woody Forest Residues from the Eucalyptus Plantation Forestry

The Eucalyptus and the Leguminosae. Part 01: Acacia mearnsii

Eco-efficiency and Cleaner Production for the Eucalyptus Pulp and Paper Industry

Opportunities for Eco-Effectiveness, Eco-Efficiency and Cleaner Production in Manufacturing Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp (Just in Portuguese till now)

The Production of Eucalyptus Plantation Forests from the Perspective of Eco-Effectiveness, Eco-Efficiency, and Cleaner Production

One Thousand and One Ways to Make your Pulp and/or Paper Mill and your Planted Forest more Eco-Effective and Eco-Efficient (Just in Portuguese till now)

Industrial Solid Wastes from Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp Production. Part 02: Success Factors for Management (Just in Portuguese till now)

Papermaking Properties of Eucalyptus Trees, Woods, and Pulp Fibers

The Process of Eucalyptus Wood Chips Inpregnation by the Kraft Pulping Liquor (Just in Portuguese till now)

Individualizing Eucalyptus Woody Fibers for the Production of Kraft Pulp (Just in Portuguese till now)

Differentiating Eucalyptus Market Pulps and Papers through Pulp Fines Management (Just in Portuguese till now)


Technical Mini-Articles by Celso Foelkel

Flash Drying as a Process to Differentiate Market Pulps

Eucalyptus: the Tallest and most Productive Trees on Earth...

Washing and Cleaning Eucalyptus Pulps

ECF and TCF Bleaching Sequences for Eucalyptus Kraft Pulps

The Eucalyptus in Brazil

The Eucalyptus in Brazil - Second part

Modern Bleached Kraft Eucalyptus Pulp Fiberlines

Best Available Technologies and Best Environmental Practices to the Production of Eucalyptus Bleached Kraft Pulps

The Eucalyptus Bleached Kraft Pulp Manufacturing and the Water Consumption

Closing Water Cycle for Further Reductions on Water Consumption in the Manufacture of Eucalyptus Bleached Kraft Pulp

Eucalyptus Planted Forests and Water Consumption

Eucalyptus Planted Forests and the Biodiversity

The Eucalyptus and the Eco-labels

The Eucalyptus and the Soil Conservation

The Eucalyptus Plantation Forests and the Environment

The Eucalyptus Planted Forests and the Sustainability

Communicating to Society the Realities of the Forest-Based Sector

Treating the Wastewaters Generated in the Eucalyptus Bleached Kraft Pulp Mills

Managing Eucalyptus Plantation Forests for Enhanced Sustainability

The Eucalyptus Planted Forests, Land Use and the Production of Food in Brazil

The Eucalyptus Plantation Forests and the Use of Pesticides

The Eucalyptus Plantation Forests and the Use of Fertilizers (Just in Portuguese till now)

About Edmundo Navarro de Andrade, Armando Navarro Sampaio and Octavio Vecchi

Eucalyptus Plantations and Genetically Modified Trees

The Friends of the Eucalyptus

Professor Dr. Jose Livio Gomide

In this edition of the Eucalyptus Newsletter, I have great pleasure and honor to introduce to you another fantastic friend of mine and of the Eucalyptus, our dear professor Dr. Jose Livio Gomide, , one of the greatest icons of the Brazilian academic sector in the pulp and paper science and technology fields . His works and technological concepts go far beyond the borders of Brazil. Today, Dr. Gomide is considered one of the researchers who has contributed most to the success of the pulp and paper manufacturing using Eucalyptus woods. The knowledge he added, in special to the wood quality and pulping fundamentals, both in the form of research and publications, as well as the education of hundreds of undergraduate and graduate students, place him as not only a great "Friend of the Eucalyptus", but as a key person in the growth of this important sector of the Brazilian economy. Congratulations for your successful and productive career, Professor Jose Livio; we all understand that we are to be forever grateful and admirers of your enormous contribution (which will still continue for years, for our luck) to our country and to the pulp and paper sector.

Jose Livio Gomide
was born in the city of Vicosa, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in May 1942. His vocation for agricultural and forestry issues was awakened early on his life, during his primary and secondary studies in Vicosa. There, he had available and the challenge to study in the excellent UREMG - Rural University of Minas Gerais, the current Federal University of Vicosa, which began at the time to offer a career on forestry sciences and engineering (http://saef2009ufv.blogspot.com/2009/02/universidade-federal-de-vicosa_04.html; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Federal_de_Vi%C3%A7osa). His choice and decision to study forestry (http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenharia_Florestal) in Vicosa eventually led Jose Livio to several unusual and unexpected situations in life. The first was the transfer of the forestry course to the city of Curitiba, Parana, late 1963, to where Jose Livio was obliged to move and live until his graduation in 1965. That career was completely new and embryonic in Brazil at that time. Jose Livio ended up graduating in exactly the second class of new young forest engineers to Brazil. The challenges also continued through his pioneering graduate studies. In 1972, he was awarded with the degree of M.Sc. (Master of Science) by the University of Maine at Orono (USA); and in 1978, he earned a Ph.D. ("Philosophiae Doctor") by NCSU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh (USA). With these academic titles, Jose Livio returned back to Brazil in 1978 as one of the most complete and among the very few professionals with such high academic standards. This period was exactly the time when Brazil was developing its exporting-oriented market pulp industry, based on the guidelines and support provided by the Federal Government. Several new pulp mills were starting-up at that time, as Riocell, Cenibra, Aracruz, Jari, Bahia Sul, and some others were being modernized (Suzano, Ripasa, Klabin, etc.). As a conclusion, a golden period was waiting for competent, skilled and determined people to help this growth.

Dr. Gomide
had these opportunities to study abroad because he had been hired as a professor at the former School of Forestry (http://www.def.ufv.br/interna.php?p=1) from UFV - Federal University of Vicosa. As soon as he graduated in Curitiba as forest engineer, he proved to be able and approved to work as professor at the current UFV in the area of forest products, in the course of forestry. He first began to teach and develop educational materials on drying of wood, wood for sawmills, etc. However, the pulp and paper science and technology had a special attraction to him. Even so, he wrote a few booklets on drying of wood and other timber technologies which are still widely used and cited in the technical literature in Brazil.

However, there was one key factor that definitely directed Dr. Gomide to the area of pulp and paper. The UFV obtained financial resources for the implementation of a well-equipped laboratory for teaching and researching in pulp and paper, as a vital complement to the course of forestry. This laboratory, which was born with the leadership of Professor Jose Livio, was inaugurated in 1970, and from then until the current days, is under his command. The challenges to Professor Jose Livio were enormous: one of them was to integrate technical issues of chemical engineering and forestry in a career in science and technology of pulp and paper. However, the barriers could be overcome and the course and laboratory grew and soon were consolidated. Thanks to the value of everything that has been developed and carried out, the LCP - Pulp and Paper Laboratory (http://www.lcp.ufv.br/) grew and has been modernized, winning recognition as a center of excellence in science and forest products technology in Brazil.

From the early 80's, with the academic achievements that gave him the appropriate knowledge, and with the availability of laboratory facilities, Jose Livio was able to dedicate his career to teaching and researching on topics of pulp and paper. As the state of Minas Gerais has an outstanding participation in forest areas planted with Eucalyptus in Brazil, it was natural that the Eucalyptus trees and woods started to deserve attention in his researches. Furthermore, the Brazilian exporting model of market pulp had chosen these trees to be the main source of fibers to this thriving industry.

Other great leverage factors for the growth of LCP - Pulp and Paper Laboratory - were the partnerships that the LCP / UFV began to develop with companies of the pulp and paper value chain. The first, and perhaps the most important of all, it was with CENIBRA - Celulose Nipo-Brasileira, between the years 1977 to 1980. At that time, the company invested and contributed decisively and firmly to the creation of a graduate course and studies in pulp and paper at UFV, based on the original LCP resources and using the own industrial facilities and human resources available in the pulp mill location (Belo Oriente/MG). I was privileged to be one of those who could participate in this graduate course setting. I guess one of the main causes for the succes it was the fact that I was able to motivate the UFV dean at the time (the great strategist, and with great future vision, Dr. Antonio Fagundes de Souza). He decided to allocate more qualified human resources in this area and to support the graduate course. Two new professors were approved for the LCP, which turned out to be two students from the newly created course, good friends and former students of mine: Rubens Chaves de Oliveira and Jorge Luiz Colodette. Together with Gomide, and later with Claudio Mudado Silva, they have formed a team of remarkable achievements for the sector. Part of this rich and wonderful story is told in Portuguese at http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/relatos.html, when I have written with emotion what happened there, according to my personal views.

So, when Dr. Gomide returned to Brazil in 1978, he found here a fast-growing industry and a laboratory full of talented students willing to learn and to serve this attractive industry. The course and the laboratory also got support from various sectors of the UFV, CENIBRA, Florestas Rio Doce, Riocell, and from suppliers to the pulp and paper industry (Peroxidos do Brasil, IMPCO, White Martins, etc.). All the ingredients for a recipe of success were available. Jose Livio with his dynamism, determination, competence and leadership, and in partnership with his team, was able to convert this graduate course program and this laboratory in one of the most important in education and research for pulp and paper science and technology. This in a global basis, not only in Brazil.

Dr. Gomide's approach to the Eucalyptus early began in his career. In planning his master's thesis at the University of Maine, he decided to study the potential of some Brazilian native species for pulp production, comparing them with the Eucalyptus saligna. Soon after, in Raleigh, he has scheduled his doctoral research by placing the timber of a species of Eucalyptus (E.viminalis) as a source of fiber for his studies on organosolv pulping. He has always been attracted by the innovations in pulping processes, having studied the variations of pulping with anthraquinone, solvents, polysulfide, and other alternative processes. Now for example, he is engaging himself with the modern technologies of biorefineries, associated to pulping processes.

Dr. Gomide's major lines of research have been till now:
Eucalyptus wood quality for pulp and paper production;
• optimization of the kraft pulping technology and its variations;
• maximizing yields in the conversion of wood into pulp;
• use of auxiliary additives for cooking;
• chemical changes of the wood components during pulping;
• new pulping technologies;
• use of wood for biorefinery technologies integrated with pulp production.

In addition to the Eucalyptus fibers, other species have also deserved his attention. After all, the Brazilian pulp and paper sector has also other fibrous raw materials and other pulping processes. As the LCP - Pulp and Paper Laboratory also provides services to the industrial community in Brazil, there is a huge variety of other fibers already surveyed and researched by Dr. Gomide and team.

Besides researching, Jose Livio has enormous educational activity. He is responsible for courses on wood quality and pulping processes in undergraduate, graduate (master and doctorate), professional master's degree, specializations, short courses, lectures, etc. By offering pulp and paper specialization courses to the industry, the UFV team managed to overcome 800 trained professionals from many different companies associated to pulp and paper from Brazil and from some Latin American countries. The partnership with ABTCP - Brazilian Technical Association of Pulp and Paper has helped in the process of developing high-level education to technicians (http://www.abtcp.org/arquivos/File/proposta%202009.pdf ).

His intense educational and advising guidance to students can be easily proven by the numbers below:
• advised or co-supervised about 60 master of science dissertations, 10 doctorate theses and 55 specialization monographs;
• participated in about 100 M.Sc. defense boards, 18 Ph.D. and more than 250 defenses of monographs in the specialization courses.

Besides his huge scientific and technical production available in scientific journals, conferences papers, book chapters, etc., he developed with his team more than 200 reports of technical projects for pulp and paper manufacturing companies and suppliers of this productive chain in Brazil and abroad.

For these reasons, with all this dedication to science, education and technology, "there is little time for other activities", as he confessed to me. For that reason, we can say that our dear professor Gomide is a man dedicated to his profession and his successful career. Good for Brazil and to the Eucalyptus.

Many were his professional achievements, as well as the satisfaction of having developed skills in so many people to the industry he has chosen to work. Some of his main achievements and awards were:
• Numerous awards for "best paper" in technical conferences and journals, particularly in the ABTCP - Brazilian Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Annual Congresses;
• Awarded the title "TAPPI Fellow, an honor given by TAPPI - Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (USA) for his outstanding technical contribution to the pulp and paper industry;
• Member (Fellow) of the International Academy of Wood Science, offered to the more relevant researchers on the science of wood;
• Gold Medal "Peter H. Rolfs" by merit of research, given by the UFV for his effective contribution to the development of the Science and Technology in the state of Minas Gerais;
• "Merit on Forestry" diploma, awarded by the Government of the state of Minas Gerais;
• Medal "Bello Lisboa", given by the UFV for his services rendered to the institution.

Dr. Gomide also had outstanding performance in leading the UFV Forest Engineering Department, some scientific institutions of the sector and university programs of graduate studies, both in Brazil and abroad. For all these accomplishments and achievements, it is very easy to understand why Dr. Gomide is being honored as a "Friend of the Eucalyptus". It is being a privilege to me to share with you a little about his life and his achievements.

Finally, when I asked about his future plans, he mentioned that retirement is coming soon, but that he does not yet know which path to follow, since teaching and researching always commanded his professional life. However, quickly added: "I know I am a privileged person, because I have the love and affection of my soons, daughter, grandson and wife, all giving me everything a man could want to be happy."

To know more about Dr. Jose Livio Gomide career, please visit his curriculum made available through the CNPq Lattes Platform of academic curricula (or other sources in a simplified form) and browse the selection of articles, lectures and courses that we selected and placed below for you.

Dr. Jose Livio Gomide - CNPq Lattes Curriculum vitae. Accessed on 02.02.2010
http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.jsp?id=K4781177P5 (In Portuguese)

Dr. Jose Livio Gomide. Simplified Curriculum.
Accessed on 04.02.2010
http://www.lcp.ufv.br/index.php?acao=pessoal/jose_livio_gomide (In Portuguese)
http://www.ucm.es/info/prolipapel/noticias-paginas/seminario-kraft-nov07/Curriculum-jose-livio.pdf (In Spanish)

To know the Master and Doctoral theses written by Dr. Jose Livio Gomide, both defended in American universities, please access them right away:

Etanol pulping of Eucalyptus viminalis wood and chemical characterization of the pulping spent liquor. J.L. Gomide. Ph.D. Thesis. North Carolina State University. 81 pp. (1978)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2007%20-%20
Ethanol%20pulping%20of%20eucalyptus%20viminalis%20wood%20an.pdf


Kraft pulping and fiber characteristics of five Brazilian woods. J.L. Gomide. Master of Science Thesis. University of Maine at Orono. 96 pp. (1972)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2008%20-%20
Kraft%20pulping%20and%20fiber%20characteristics%20of%20five.pdf


Among the more than 200 extremely relevant technical articles published by Dr. Jose Livio Gomide co-worked with his team and/or students on specialized magazines in Brazil, Chile, United States, Canada and many other countries, together with those presented at conferences in Brazil and abroad, I have selected some in which his participation was vital. Jose Livio is definitely a researcher who works in team. His articles are almost always in partnership with his students or with other professors from UFV. Many are the papers that have been published with participation of his friends and colleagues from the LCP laboratory: Dr. Jorge Luiz Colodette, Dr. Rubens Chaves de Oliveira and Dr. Claudio Mudado Silva. For this very reason, I have selected for being part of this biography some of the published papers where the main line of research has been originated from Dr. Gomide's talent and guidance. In the near future, when we will present the biographies and scientific production originated from doctors Colodette, Rubens and Claudio, we will end up further in the long list of technical articles with Dr. Jose Livio Gomide participation. For this reason, we are bringing to you about 35% of Dr. Gomide's scientific production in this issue number 25 of our Eucalyptus Newsletter. However, we are very sure that as soon as we have the reports and biographies of the other LCP/UFV friends, we are to make available to the global society virtually all publications of relevance originated from this amazing team of professors and their students or trainees. Our goal is to honor this group of talented and qualified researchers; and at the same time, to share their knowledge with the enormous number of people who need them.

Enjoy knowing more about this selection of articles, lectures, papers and handouts generated by the academic dedication of this great teacher and friend of the Eucalyptus. I selected only articles more related to the Eucalyptus. However, Dr. Gomide is also a reference in Brazil for being a leading expert in pulping of bamboo for pulp and paper. He has also published technical articles on pulping of pinewood and other species of trees and woods. With regard to his work with bamboo, we will soon dedicate a section in our other digital publication, PinusLetter, which will highlight his work with bamboo and pine as well.

Please, browse this selection of some 70 articles and educational presentations to know more about the Eucalyptus trees, their woods and the conversion of them into pulp and paper, as a result of Professor Jose Livio Gomide studies ands researches. I further propose that you also visit the section below called "Online Technical References". We placed euca-links to 16 theses or abstracts of theses, all from graduate students under Dr. Gomide's guidance.

Thanks also to all organizations and individuals who have contributed to make feasible this long list of lectures, theses and articles being offered through our Eucalyptus Newsletter number 25. This is definitely a consolidation of a enormous bank of knowledge about the Eucalyptus generated at the Pulp and Paper Laboratory from UFV under the leadership of Professor Gomide. Wait for the sequence, when we are also to honor the other LCP professors.

Predicao de qualidade da madeira e da polpa celulosica por tecnica de espectroscopia de infravermelho proximo (NIRS). R. B. Santos; J.L. Gomide; L.C. Souza. Revista Arvore 33(4): 759-767. (2009)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v33n4/v33n4a19.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Impacto da qualidade da madeira de eucalipto no desempenho financeiro de um modelo de fabrica brasileira de celulose. (Influence of Eucalyptus wood properties on the financial performance of a modeled Brazilian pulp mill). J. Lopez; J.L. Gomide; R. Phillips. O Papel 70(7): 53-71. (2009)
http://www.revistaopapel.org.br/noticia-anexos/1251310871_
19691372edd54ca288d6bfca816bb512_1292513266.pdf
(In Portuguese and English)


Estrutura anatomica da madeira. J.L. Gomide. ABTCP/UFV Specialization Course in P&P. PowerPoint presentation: 40 slides. (2009)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2001.%
20Estrutura%20Anat%F4mica%20e%20Densidade%20da%20Madeira.pdf
(In Portuguese)

A importancia relativa da densidade da madeira e do teor de carboidratos no rendimento da polpa e na qualidade do produto.
(Relative importance of wood density and carbohydrate content on pulping yield and product quality). A. Mokfienski; J.L. Colodette; J.L. Gomide; A.M.M.L. Carvalho. Ciencia Florestal 18(3): 401-413. (2008)
http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/534/53418313.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)
http://cascavel.ufsm.br/revistas/ojs-2.2.2/index.php/
cienciaflorestal/article/download/451/348
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)
http://www.bioline.org.br/request?cf08038 (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Estudio del pretratamiento con disolventes organicos en la obtencion de pulpa kraft de eucalipto.
(Study of pretreatment with organic solvents in obtaining Eucalyptus kraft pulp). J.C. Garcia; F. Lopez; J. Colodette; J.L. Gomide; P. Mutje; M.A. Pelach. V CIADICYP - Mexico. 09 pp. (2008)
http://www.riadicyp.org.ar/downloads/ciadi2008/pulpeo01.pdf (In Spanish)

ABSTRACT: An empirical mathematical model for the predictive analysis of the chemical absorption of hydroxide in Eucalyptus wood. M.M. Costa; J.L. Gomide; J.L. Colodette; L.A. Lucia; P. Mutje. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47(11): 3856-3860. (2008)
http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=20388791 (In English)
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie071119k (In English)

ABSTRACT: Comparative study on the chemical composition of lipophilic fractions from three wood tissues of Eucalyptus species by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry analysis. F.O. Silverio; L.C.A. Barbosa; A.J.D. Silvestre; D. Pilo-Veloso; J. L. Gomide. Journal of Wood Science 53(6):533-540. (2007)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/j51u1k86373n1r18/ (In English)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/j51u1k86373n1r18/fulltext.pdf?page=1 (In English)

Influencia da madeira com fungo Ceratocystis fimbriata no processo de producao e qualidade da celulose. (Influence of Ceratocystis fimbriata fungus containing wood on the pulp production process and pulp quality). J.C.P. Araujo; C.J.G. Carneiro; J.F.Silva; J.L. Gomide. O Papel (December): 95-105. (2007)
http://www.revistaopapel.org.br/noticia-anexos/1250615340_
a4dca8ea8224fa6c61323d6e7732d8ca_468884776.pdf
(In Portuguese and English)

Comportamento dos constituintes quimicos da madeira de eucalipto na polpacao Lo-Solids.
L.R. Pimenta; J.L. Gomide; J.L. Colodette; N.H. Shin. III ICEP - International Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp. 14 pp. (2007)
http://www.celuloseonline.com.br/imagembank/Docs/
DocBank/Eventos/430/2PimentaOral.pdf
(In Portuguese)

Lo-Solids kraft pulping of Eucalyptus wood.
J.L. Gomide; L.R. Pimenta; J.L. Colodette; N.H. Shin. Tappi Engineering, Pulping & Environmental Conference. 43 pp. (2007)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%
2009%20-%20losolids%20cooking%20Gomide.2007.pdf
(In English)

Qualidade da madeira de Eucalyptus. J.L. Gomide. IX BioWork. PowerPoint presentation: 36 slides. (2007)
http://www.forestbiotech.org/pdf/Qualidade_da_Madeira_de_
Eucalyptus-Jose_Livio_Gomida.pdf
(In Portuguese)

Estrutura anatomica e qualidade da madeira
. J.L. Gomide. ABTCP/UFV Specialization Course in P&P. PowerPoint presentation: 272 slides. (2007)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2002%20-
%20Anat%F4mia_e_Qualidade_e_da_Madeira-Agosto2007.pdf
(In Portuguese)


Avaliacao tecnologica de clones de eucalipto. Parte 1: Qualidade da madeira para producao de celulose kraft.
(Technological assessment of Eucalyptus wood clones. Part 1 - Wood quality for kraft pulp production). C.R. Ferreira; M. Fantini Jr.; J.L. Colodette; J.L. Gomide; A.M.M.L. Carvalho. Scientia Forestalis 70: 161-170. (2006)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/scientia/nr70/cap16.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Avaliacao tecnologica de clones de eucalipto. Parte 2 – Qualidade da celulose branqueada kraft para papel de imprimir e escrever. (Technological assessment of Eucalyptus wood clones. Part 2 - Bleached pulp quality for printing and writing papers). C.R. Ferreira; M. Fantini Jr.; J.L. Colodette; R.C. Oliveira; J.L. Gomide; A.M.M.L. Carvalho. Scientia Forestalis 71: 09 – 18. (2006)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/scientia/nr71/cap01.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Caracterizacao tecnologica de celulose kraft de Eucalyptus por espectroscopia de infravermelho proximo.
R.B. Santos; L.C. Souza; J.L. Gomide. ABTCP/TAPPI International Congress. 10 pp. (2006)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2010%20-%20caracteriza%E7%E3o%20por%20NIR.2006.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Utilizacao de cavacos para analises por espectroscopia de infravermelho proximo (NIR).
(Chip utilization for near infrared spectroscopy analyses). R.B. Santos; L.C. Souza; J.L. Gomide. O Papel (May): 84-93. (2006)
http://www.revistaopapel.org.br/noticia-anexos/1251299200_
6df06652c0a1d2336ef28b3fd4d10659_1161012999.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)


Caracterizacao quimica do "pitch" em industria de celulose e papel de Eucalyptus. (Chemical characterization of pitch in Eucalyptus pulp and paper industry). M.P. Cruz; L.C.A. Barbosa; C.R.A. Maltha; A.F. Milanez. Quimica Nova 29(3): 459-466. (2006)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/qn/v29n3/29272.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Producao de celulose de Eucalyptus no Brasil: desafios e novos desenvolvimentos. J.L. Gomide. 39th ABTCP/TAPPI Congress. PowerPoint presentation: 30 slides. (2006)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2005%20-%20
ABTCP%20TAPPI%202006%20%20Jose%20Gomide.pdf
(In Portuguese)

Eucalyptus wood characteristics. Brazilian pulping industry. J.L. Gomide. TAPPI Eucalyptus Tutorial. PowerPoint presentation: 36 slides. (2006)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/
Arquivo%2006%20-TAPPI%20Tutorial2.pdf
(In English)

Metodologia de extracao e determinacao do teor de extrativos em madeiras de eucalipto. (Methodology of extration and determination of extractive contents in eucalypt woods). F.O. Silverio; L.C.A. Barbosa; J.L. Gomide; F.P. Reis; D. Pilo-Veloso. Revista Arvore 30(6): 1009-1016. (2006)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v30n6/a16v30n6.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

ABSTRACT: Kraft pulping of Eucalyptus nitens wood chips biotreated by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora.
L. Mardones; J.L. Gomide; J. Freer; A. Ferraz; J. Rodriguez. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 81(4): 608-613. (2006)
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/jws/jctb/2006/
00000081/00000004/art00019
(In English)

Os clones de excelencia no Brasil para producao de celulose. J.L. Gomide; J.L. Colodette; R.C. Oliveira; C.M. Silva. ABTCP/TAPPI International Congress. 15 pp. (2006)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2011%
20-%20clones%20de%20excel%EAncia.2006.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Caracterizacao tecnologica, para producao de celulose, da nova geracao de clones de Eucalyptus do Brasil. (Technological characterization of the new generation of Eucalyptus clones in Brazil for kraft pulp production). J.L. Gomide; J.L. Colodette; R.C. Oliveira; C.M. Silva. Revista Arvore 29(1): 129-137. (2005)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v29n1/24242.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Clones de Eucalyptus versus a producao de polpa celulosica. (Eucalyptus clones versus cellulosic pulp production). P.F. Trugilho; M.L. Bianchi; J.L. Gomide; J.T. Lima; L.M. Mendes; F.A. Mori; D.F. Ferreira. Ciencia Florestal 15(2): 145-155. (2005)
http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?cf05014 (In Portuguese, with summary in English)
http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/src/inicio/ArtPdfRed.jsp?iCve=53415204 (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Calidad de las maderas de clones de Eucalyptus de Brasil para la produccion de celulosa kraft. (A technological analysis of the Brazilian Eucalyptus clones woods for kraft pulp production). J.L. Gomide; J.L. Colodette; R.C. Oliveira; C.M. Silva. II International Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp. 17 pp. (2005)
http://www.celuloseonline.com.br/imagembank/Docs/DocBank/Eventos/SII_5.pdf (In Spanisn, with summary in English)

Technological characterization of the new generation of Brazilian Eucalyptus clones for kraft pulp production.
J.L. Gomide; J.L. Colodette; R.C. Oliveira; C.M. Silva. Tappi Pulping Conference. 20 pp. (2005)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2012%20-
%20Brazilian%20clones%20Gomide.2005.pdf
(In English)

Tecnologia e quimica da producao de celulose. Parte 01. J.L. Gomide. ABTCP/UFV Specialization Course. PowerPoint presentation: 218 slides. (2005)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2003-%20
Tecnologia_e_Quimica_da_Produ%E7%E3o_de_Celulose_-_P.pdf
(In Portuguese)

Tecnologia e quimica da producao de celulose. Parte 02. J.L. Gomide. ABTCP/UFV Specialization Course. PowerPoint presentation: 229 slides. (2005)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2004%
20-Tecnologia_e_Quimica_da_Produ%E7%E3o_de_Celulose_-_P.pdf
(In Portuguese)

Estrategia de analise da qualidade de madeira de Eucalyptus sp. para producao de celulose. (A laboratory technique to establish Eucalyptus sp. wood quality for kraft pulp production). J.L. Gomide; H. Fantuzzi Neto; H.G. Leite. Revista Arvore 28(3): 443 - 450. (2004)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v28n3/21611.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Classificacao de clones de Eucalyptus sp visando a producao de polpa celulosica. (Classification of Eucalyptus sp clones for kraft pulp production). P.F. Trugilho; M.L. Bianchi; J.L. Gomide; U. Schuchardt. Revista Arvore 28(6): 895 - 899. (2004)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v28n6/23991.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Estudos sobre a impregnacao de cavacos de Eucalyptus spp. M.M. Costa; J.L. Gomide; M. Zanuttini; E. Souza; M. Brum Neto. 37th ABTCP Congress – Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. 11 pp. (2004)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Impregna%E7%
E3o%20paper%20marcelo%20costa%20abtcp2004.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Estudos sobre a impregnacao de cavacos de Eucalyptus spp. M.M. Costa; J.L. Gomide; M. Zanuttini; E. Souza; M. Brum Neto. 37th ABTCP Congress – Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. PowerPoint presentation: 45 slides. (2004)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Impregna%
E7%E3o%20cavacos%20euca%20by%20Marcelo%20Costa%20PPT.pdf
(In Portuguese)

Mecanismo de impregnacao alcalina dos cavacos de Eucalyptus spp. M.M. Costa; J.L. Gomide; M. Zanuttini; E. Souza; M. Brum Neto. 37th ABTCP Congress – Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. 11 pp. (2004)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/ABTCP%202004%20-%
20M%20Costa%20%20Impregnaci%F3n%20astllas%20eucaliptos.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)


Utilizacao de surfactantes, na polpacao kraft de madeira de eucalipto, como auxiliar na remocao de extrativos lipofilicos.(Surfactant utilization in kraft pulping of Eucalyptus wood to improve lipophilic extractives removal). D.J. Silva; J.L. Gomide; J.L. Colodette. Revista Arvore 28(6): 911-917. (2004)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v28n6/23993.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Influencia da densidade basica da madeira na qualidade da polpa kraft de clones hibridos de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden X Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake. (Effect of wood basic density on kraft pulp quality of hybrid Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden X Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake clones). S.C.S Queiroz; J.L. Gomide; J.L. Colodette; R.C. Oliveira. Revista Arvore 28(6): 901-909. (2004)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v28n6/23992.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Efeitos das caracteristicas anatomicas e quimicas na densidade basica da madeira de clones hibridos de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. S.C.S.Queiroz; J.L. Gomide. O Papel (June): 79 - 84. (2003)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%
2002_artigo%20tese%20Simone%20Queiroz.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Importancia da densidade e do teor de carboidratos da madeira de eucalipto no desempenho da linha de fibras.
A. Mokfienski; J.L. Gomide; J.L. Colodette; R.C. Oliveira. I International Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp. 14 pp. (2003)
http://www.celuloseonline.com.br/imagembank/
Docs/DocBank/dc/dc099.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Criterios de selecao de clones para maximizar rendimento e qualidade da celulose. C. Ferreira; M. Fantini Jr.; R.C. Oliveira; J.L. Colodette; J.L. Gomide. I International Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp. 14 pp. (2003)
http://www.celuloseonline.com.br/imagembank/Docs/DocBank/dc/dc049.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Tecnica para estabelecimento da qualidade tecnologica da madeira de eucalipto visando producao de celulose
. J.L. Gomide; H. Fantuzzi Neto; H.G. Leite. I International Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp. 13 pp. (2003)
http://www.celuloseonline.com.br/imagembank/Docs/DocBank/dc/dc048.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Avaliacao tecnologica de clones de eucalipto da Veracel Celulose S. A. C. Ferreira; J. Colodette; J.L. Gomide; M. Fantini Junior. 36th ABTCP Congress - Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. 18 pp. (2003)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/
Arquivo%2013%20-%20clones%20veracel.2003.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Influence of pulping conditions on kraft pulp yield, quality and bleachability.
J.L. Colodette; J.L. Gomide; R. Girard; A.-S. Jaaskelainen; D.S. Argyropoulus. TAPPI Journal (March): 14 - 20. (2002)
http://www.tappi.org/s_tappi/sec_publications.asp?CID=4931&DID=525220&css=print (In English)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2014%
20-%20pulping%20conditions%20colodette.2002.pdf
(In English)

Utilizacao de surfactantes como aditivos do processo de polpação kraft de eucalipto. (Utilization of surfactants as Eucalyptus kraft pulping additives). D.J. Silva; J.M. Almeida; J.L. Gomide. 35th ABTCP Congress - Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. 11 pp. (2002)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/
Uso%20surfactante%20no%20cozimento%20kraft.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Effects of sulfidity reduction and anthraquinone addition on pollutant emission and quality of Eucalyptus kraft pulp. F.J. Silva; J.L. Gomide; J.L. Colodette. Tappi Journal. 10 pp. (2002)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/
Arquivo%2015%20-%20sulfidity%2BAQ%20Gomide.2002.pdf
(In English)

Efeito da redução da sulfidez, com adição de antraquinona, nas emissões poluentes e na qualidade da polpa kraft de eucalipto. (Effect of sulfidity reduction and addition of anthraquinone on pollutant emission and quality of Eucalyptus kraft pulp). F.J. Silva; J.L. Gomide; J.L. Colodette; A.C. Oliveira Filho. 34th ABTCP Congress - Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. 16 pp. (2001)
http://www.tappi.org/content%5CJournal%5C2002%5CTJ%5C09sep02%5CSilva_Port.pdf (In Portuguese)
http://www.tappi.org/content/Journal/2002/TJ/09sep02/02SEP63.pdf (In English)


ABSTRACT: Yield and bleachability of hardwood and softwood kraft/polysulphide pulps: Increasing PS concentration leads to slightly increased pulp yields. J.L. Colodette; J.L. Gomide; K. Gleysis; J. Kogan; A. Jaaskelainen; D.S. Argyropoulus. Pulp & Paper Canada 102(9): 50-53. (2001)
http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1133047 (In English)

Dissolucao dos constituintes da madeira de eucalipto ao longo dos processos kraft continuo convencional e aditivado. J.M. Almeida.; J.L. Gomide; D.J. Silva. Revista Arvore 24(2): 215 – 222. (2000)
http://books.google.com.br/books?id=6XWaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=
%22Dissolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o+dos+constituintes+da+madeira+de+eucalipto+ao+
longo+dos+processos+kraft+cont%C3%ADnuo+convencional+e+aditivado
%22&source=bl&ots=GHv0UW3jhX&sig=wULxsBI3rodfyo6KEDKScjfzm6U&hl=
ptBR&ei=qtcRSo6DD4aEtwfWqfSJCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Producao de celulose kraft de Eucalyptus, utilizando processos batch de deslignificacao convencional e seletiva.
(Eucalyptus kraft pulp production by conventional and selective batch processes deslignification). J.L. Gomide; H. Fantuzzi Neto. O Papel (April):90-96. (2000)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2016%20-%
20Produ%E7%E3o%20de%20celulose%20kraft%20de%20eucalyptus.2000.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Caracteristicas e branqueabilidade de polpas kraft/polissulfeto de madeiras de Eucalyptus e de Pinus. K.G. Salomao; J.L. Gomide; J.L. Colodette; J. Kogan; A.S. Jaaskelainen; D.S. Argyropoulus. 33rd ABTCP Congress - Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. 09 pp. (2000)
http://www.celuloseonline.com.br/imagembank/
Docs/DocBank/dc/dc108.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Fatores que afetam a branqueabilidade de polpas kraft de Eucalyptus. Parte 2: Influencia de parametros da polpacao. J.L. Gomide; J.L. Colodette; R.C. Oliveira; R. Girard; D.S. Argyropoulus. 33rd ABTCP Congress - Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. 10 pp. (2000)
http://www.celuloseonline.com.br/imagembank/Docs/
DocBank/dc/dc107.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Estudos de otimizacao do perfil de temperatura na polpacao RDH de Eucalyptus grandis.
. C.R.S. Ferreira; J.L. Gomide; R.C. Oliveira; J.L. Colodette; H. Fantuzzi Neto. 33rd ABTCP Congress - Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. 16 pp. (2000)
http://www.celuloseonline.com.br/imagembank/
Docs/DocBank/dc/dc074.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Aspectos fundamentais da polpacao kraft de madeira de Eucalyptus. J.L. Gomide; H. Fantuzzi Neto. O Papel 61(3): 62-68. (2000)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Dissolu%E7%E3o%20
constituintes%20madeira%20eucalipto%20cozimento%20kraf.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Monitoramento da remocao dos constituintes da madeira de Eucalyptus e do consumo de reagentes em processo kraft continuo modificado. (Monitoring wood constituents removal and alkali consumption during modified continuous pulping of Eucalyptus wood). J.M. Almeida; J.L. Gomide. 32nd ABTCP Congress - Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. 17 pp. (1999)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Remo%E7%E3o%20
constituintes%20madeira%20eucalipto%20processo%20kraft.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Fatores que afetam a branqueabilidade de polpas kraft de Eucalyptus por sequencias ECF, Z-ECF e TCF: Influencia do processo de polpacao. J.L. Colodette; J.L. Gomide; Y.A.M. Robles; J.M. Almeida; A.C. Brito; S.K. Mehlman; D.S. Argyropoulus. O Papel (May): 45 - 56. (1999)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2017%20-%20
Fatores%20que%20afetam%20a%20branqueabilidade.1999.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Estudos de maximizacao de rendimento com madeira de Eucalyptus em processo kraft continuo.
J.M. Almeida; J.L. Gomide; J.L. Colodette. 2nd Delignification Seminar. ABTCP - Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. p. 62-78. (1999)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2018
%20-%20maximiza%E7%E3o%20rendimento.1999.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Polpacao kraft convencional e modificada de Eucalyptus: caracteristicas tecnologicas e dissolucao de carboidratos e lignina. H. Fantuzzi Neto; J.L. Gomide; J.L. Colodette. Congress on "Tecnologia de Fabricacao da Pasta Celulosica". ABTCP - Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. p. 59-68. (1998)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2019
%20-%20polpa%E7%E3o%20kraft%20convencional%20e%20modificada.1998.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Efeito da idade de corte da madeira e de variaveis de refino nas propriedades da celulose kraft branqueada de eucalipto. H.G. Carvalho; R.C. Oliveira; J.L. Gomide; J. Colodette. 31st ABTCP Congress - Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. 16 pp. (1998)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/
06_idade%20floresta%20e%20celulose.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Impacto da qualidade da madeira na deslignificacao, no branqueamento e na qualidade da polpa kraft de clones de eucalipto
. D.J. Silva; R.C. Oliveira; J.L. Colodette; J.L. Gomide. O Papel (February): 33-43. (1997)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2020
%20-%20Impacto%20da%20qualidade%20da%20madeira.1997.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Utilizacao de antraquinona e polissulfeto como aditivos do processo kraft para producao de celulose de Eucalyptus.
Y.A.M. Robles; J.L. Gomide; R.C. Oliveira; J.L. Colodette. O Papel (May):43-52. (1997)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2021
%20-%20Utiliza%E7%E3o%20de%20antraquinona.1997.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Caracterizacao da madeira de Eucalyptus pilularis e estudos para producao de celulose kraft. F.J.J. Machado; J.L. Gomide; W.O. Campos; L.R. Capitani. Revista Arvore 12(2): 111-122. (1988)
http://books.google.cl/books?hl=es&lr=&id=_HuaAAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=
PA111&dq=%22gomide,+j.l.%22+&ots=e0MjTM_sDL&sig=8UFhWtC01U_
P_h4nguF_xpOj7n4#v=onepage&q=%22gomide%2C%20j.l.%22&f=false
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Utilizacao do processo soda antraquinona para producao de celulose branqueavel de Eucalyptus spp. J.L. Gomide; R.R. Vivone; A.R. Marques. 20th ABTCP Congress - Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. 09 pp. (1987)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2022
%20-%20polpa%E7%E3o%20soda%20antraquinona.1987.pdf
(In Portuguese)

Polpacao etanol/soda de madeira de eucalipto. B.J. Demuner; J.L. Gomide; E. Claudio-da-Silva Jr. 19th ABTCP Congress - Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. 17 pp. (1986)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2023
%20-%20polpa%E7%E3o%20etanol%20soda.1986.pdf
(In Portuguese)

Utilizacao de compostos quinona na producao de polpa celulosica de eucalipto.
J.L. Gomide; R.C. Oliveira. J.L. Colodette. 13th ABTCP Congress - Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. 13 pp. (1980)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2024
%20-%20compostos%20quinona.1980.pdf
(In Portuguese)

Soda-AQ: um novo processo para producao de polpa celulosica de eucalipto.
J.L. Gomide; R.C. Oliveira; J.L. Colodette. Revista Arvore 4(2): 75-90. (1980)
http://books.google.com.br/books?id=XkWaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA76&dq=
antraquinona+polpa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+alcalina+gomide&lr=&cd=1#
v=onepage&q=antraquinona%20polpa%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20alcalina%20gomide&f=false
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Producao de polpa kraft de eucalipto com adicao de antraquinona.
J.L. Gomide; R.C. Oliveira; J.L. Colodette. Revista Arvore 4(2): 203-214. (1980)
http://books.google.com.br/books?id=IYeaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA213&dq=:
antraquinona+polpa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+alcalina+gomide&lr=&cd=2#v=
onepage&q=%3Aantraquinona%20polpa%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20alcalina%20gomide&f=false
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Eficiencia da antraquinona na polpacao alcalina de eucalipto. J.L. Gomide; R.C. Oliveira. Revista Arvore 3(2): 208-220. (1979)
http://books.google.com.br/books?hl=pt-BR&lr=&id=U0WaAAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=
PA208&dq=tudonot%C3%ADtulo:+eucalyptus+OR+eucalipto+OR+eucaliptos+autor:
gomide&ots=bDkAZH6z0g&sig=A1Qbu2ajLRWdmrf1kOfNFIezQ1w#
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Polpa de celulose. Quimica dos processos alcalinos de polpacao. J.L. Gomide. UFV - Federal University of Vicosa. Illustrated Book. 50 pp. (1979)
http://orton.catie.ac.cr/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/?IsisScript=AGB.xis&method=
post&formato=2&cantidad=1&expresion=mfn=056431
(In Portuguese)

Producao de celulose etanol de Eucalyptus viminalis utilizando um sistema de multi-estagios. J.L. Gomide. Revista Arvore 2(2): 152-168. (1978)
http://books.google.com.br/books?hl=pt-BR&lr=&id=l4SaAAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=
PA152&dq=autor:%22jos%C3%A9+l%C3%ADvio+gomide%22&ots=5PaTF2cV-
Q&sig=MX2Kxa5pQoUsVUNbZGqCkSMbhrc#v=onepage&q=&f=false
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Producao de polpa celulosica pelo processo etanol e caracterizacao quimica do licor residual. J.L. Gomide. 11th ABTCP Congress - Brazilian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. 11 pp. (1978)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2025%20-%
20licor%20residual%20processo%20etanol.1978.pdf
(In Portuguese)

Kraft pulping and fiber characteristics of five Brazilian woods. J.L. Gomide; N.P. Kutscha; J.E. Shottafer; L.W. Zabel. Wood & Fiber 4(3): 158-169. (1972)
http://kbd.kew.org/kbd/detailedresult.do?id=38502 (In English)

Secagem da madeira. J.L. Gomide. Universidade Federal de Vicosa. Escola Superior de Florestas. 119 pp. (1969)
http://orton.catie.ac.cr/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/?IsisScript=AGB.xis&method=
post&formato=2&cantidad=1&expresion=mfn=102954
(In Portuguese)

I have a great admiration for the expertise and educational abilities of this great friend of the Eucalyptus. Moreover, Professor Gomide is a born leader, struggling as few to teach what he knows and to develop the skills and motivation in people. For this reason and because the fraternal affection I have for him, I felt myself honored and privileged to have told you a little about the life of my dear friend and also a great "Friend of the Eucalyptus" and to have shared some of his technical papers published over his long career.

My dear and esteemed colleague Professor Dr. Jose Livio Gomide, thank you for your friendship for all of us and for the Eucalyptus trees. Also thanks, on behalf of all your thousands of admirers, for all you have made and will continue doing to the pulp and paper sector, both within Brazil and around the world, in all countries where the Eucalyptus are used as fibers to produce fantastic papers.

Online Technical References

A Selection of some Master of Science and Ph.D. Theses from UFV - Federal University of Vicosa...
... under Dr. Jose Livio Gomide Guidance and Advising

In this section, we always try to bring to our readers some euca-links to relevant publications in the virtual world web. Just click on the URLs addresses to open or save them to your computer. In this specific issue, which celebrates the great teacher and scientist Dr. Jose Livio Gomide, we have selected some of the Ph.D. theses and M.Sc. dissertations from some of his graduate students at the Federal University of Vicosa - UFV. Unfortunately, we were not able to bring too many, because several of them have been prepared and defended in the pre-digital age, so they are not available in digital banks. Fortunately, when preparing my Life Report about my involvement with the Federal University of Vicosa (http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/relatos.html) I had the care to put in digital format some of the dissertations from my former students at UFV at that period when I was a professor there. For this reason, we have some dissertations under Professor Gomide guidance and which were defended in mid-1980's. We have also displayed some material available in the CAPES Digital Bank of Theses Summaries (http://servicos.capes.gov.br/capesdw/) to enable you to know at least the abtstracts of some other more. Dr. Jose Livio advised or co-supervised more than 60 M.Sc. dissertations, nearly 10 doctoral theses and more than 55 monographs from an especialization course in pulp and paper. Unfortunately, we could only rescue 16 to you. Fortunately, on the other hand, most of these theses and dissertations we were not able to retrieve have generated technical papers on congresses and journals, made available on our previous section about Dr. Gomide.

We invite you to enjoy browsing this selection of literature on pulp and paper and wood quality, specially prepared for you. So, you may better admire Dr.Gomide's work as a professor. Through them, anyone may easily understand how professor Gomide has been contributing to the development of human resources for this important sector in Brazil. Most of these students are now relevant professionals engaged in the Brazilian forest-based industrial segment.

Avaliacao da madeira de hibridos de Eucalyptus globulus com E. grandis e E. urophylla, para producao de celulose, utilizando espectroscopia NIR. (Wood evaluation of hybrids of Eucalyptus globulus with Eucalyptus grandis for pulp production using NIR spectroscopy). F.R. Milagres. Master of Science Dissertation. UFV. 142 pp. (2009)
http://www.tede.ufv.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1930 (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

ABSTRACT: Polpacao kraft Lo-Solids de cavacos de Eucalytpus lixiviados com solucoes acidas.
(Lo-Solids kraft pulping of acid leached Eucalyptus wood chips). R.B. Santos. Master of Science Dissertation. UFV. 102 pp. (2008)
http://servicos.capes.gov.br/capesdw/resumo.html?idtese=20082632002017012P5 (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

ABSTRACT: Comportamento dos componentes quimicos da madeira de eucalipto na polpacao Lo-Solids®. (Behavior of Eucalyptus wood chemical components along Lo-Solids pulping). L.R. Pimenta. Master of Science Dissertation. UFV. (2006)
http://www.tede.ufv.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=414 (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

ABSTRACT: Caracterizacao de extrativos e de "pitch" envolvidos na fabricacao de polpa de celulose de Eucalyptus sp. (Characterization of extractives and pitch related to the Eucalyptus pulping process). M.P.Cruz. Master of Science Dissertation. UFV. 103 pp. (2004)
http://servicos.capes.gov.br/capesdw/resumo.html?idtese=200416532002017015P4 (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Importancia relativa da densidade basica e da constituicao quimica de madeira de Eucalyptus spp. no rendimento, branqueabilidade e qualidade da polpa kraft.
(Relative importance of Eucalyptus spp. wood basic density and chemical composition on yield, bleachability and kraft pulp quality). A. Mokfienski. Ph.D. Thesis. UFV. 153 pp. (2004)
http://www.tede.ufv.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1545 (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Efeito das caracteristicas anatomicas e quimicas na densidade basica da madeira e na qualidade da polpa de clones hibridos de Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla. (Effect of chemical and anatomic characteristics on wood basic density and on pulp quality of Eucalypus grandis x urophylla clones). S.C.S. Queiroz. Master of Science Dissertation. UFV. 91 pp. (2002)
http://www.tede.ufv.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=988 (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Impactos da sulfidez e adicao de antraquinona nas emissoes de metilmercaptana, nas caracteristicas e na branqueabilidade de polpas kraft de Eucalyptus. (Impacts of the sulfidity and addition of anthraquinone on methylmercaptan emission and on the characteristics and bleachability of kraft pulps of Eucalyptus spp.). F.J. Silva. Master of Science Dissertation. UFV. 81 pp. (2001)
ftp://ftp.bbt.ufv.br/teses/FABRICIO%20JOSE%20DA%20SILVA.PDF (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Otimizacao do perfil de temperatura na polpacao RDH de Eucalyptus.
(Temperature profile optimization in RDH pulping of Eucalyptus sp.). C.R.S. Ferreira. Master of Science Dissertation. UFV. 91 pp. (2000)
ftp://ftp.bbt.ufv.br/teses/157370f.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

ABSTRACT: Estudos de maximizacao de rendimento e monitoramento da degradacao dos constituintes da madeira de Eucalyptus em processo kraft continuo.
(Studies for yield maximization and chemical wood components monitoring in Eucalyptus continuous kraft pulping). J.M. Almeida. Ph.D. Thesis. UFV. (1999)
http://servicos.capes.gov.br/capesdw/resumo.html?idtese=199930632002017012P5 (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Efeito da idade de corte da madeira e de variaveis de refino nas propriedades da celulose kraft branqueada de eucalipto. (Effect of tree harvesting age and refining variables on Eucalyptus bleached kraft pulp). H.G. Carvalho. Master of Science Dissertation. UFV. 212 pp. (1997)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2001_TESE-%20HUBEMAR.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

ABSTRACT: Utilizacao de antraquinona e polissulfeto como aditivos do processo kraft para producao de celulose de Eucalyptus. (Utilization of anthraquinone and polisulphide as additives to the production of Eucalyptus kraft pulp). Y.A.M. Robles. Master of Science Dissertation. UFV. 113 pp. (1996)
http://servicos.capes.gov.br/capesdw/resumo.html?idtese=1996932002017012P5 (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

ABSTRACT: Influencia do espaçamento de arvores na qualidade da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis para producao de celulose kraft.
(Influence of tree spacing on the Eucalyptus wood quality for kraft pulp production). V.N. Garlet. Master of Science Dissertation. UFV. 118 pp. (1994)
http://servicos.capes.gov.br/capesdw/resumo.html?idtese=19941532002017012P5 (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Aspectos quimicos da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis visando a producao de polpa celulosica. (Chemical aspects of Eucalyptus grandis aiming the production of pulp).J.W. Kimo. Master of Science Dissertation. UFV. 55 pp. (1986)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/ufv/UFV%
20%20Jos%E9%20W%20Kimo.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Estudos tecnologicos da polpacao kraft de Didymopanax morototoni (Morototo) e Cedrelinga catanaeformis (Cedrerana). [Technological studies of the kraft pulping for the woods of Didymopanax morototoni (Morototo) and Cedrelinga catanaeformis (Cedrerana)]. F.J.L. Frazao. Master of Science Dissertation. UFV. 119 pp. (1983)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/ufv/UFV%20%20
Francisco%20Juvenal%20Fras%E3o.pdf
(In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Estudos tecnologicos da polpacao sulfito neutro de eucalipto com adicao de antraquinona. (Technological studies of the neutral sulfite pulping of Eucalyptus wood with addition of anthraquinone). A.M.C. Penalber. Master of Science Dissertation. UFV. 129 pp. (1983)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/ufv/Ana%20Penalber.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Utilizacao do peroxido de hidrogenio no branqueamento de polpa kraft de eucalipto
. (Utilization of hydrogen peroxide in the Eucalyptus kraft pulp bleaching). J.L. Colodette. Master of Science Dissertation. UFV. 87 pp. (1981)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/ufv/Jorge%20Colodette.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Technical Mini-Article by Celso Foelkel

Pruning Eucalyptus Trees

Pruning trees is a common silvicultural practice, both in urban tree planting (for example: arboriculture - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboriculture), as well as in commercial forest operations. These two situations in terms of tree caring and actions have different purposes in mind. In "urban forestry" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_forestry), pruning aims to shape the trees, so they can provide shade in a safe, healthy and aesthetic beauty. On the other hand, in forestry for commercial purposes, pruning aims to improve the quality of the wood formed by the trees, without harming the growth of the forest. Pruning urban Eucalyptus trees will be soon released as a forthcoming mini-article to be written by Ester Foelkel, in her section "Curiosities and Oddities about the Eucalyptus". This specific mini-article in this edition's has the mission to offer the fundamental contents on the pruning of trees for enhancing the wood produced by them. With this in mind, the planters of forests may increase their financial results with the sale of more valuable timber, provided there is a market for it. Pruning is a complex silvicultural operation and relatively expensive, whose goal is to add value to the formed wood in the case of the pruned trees, without losing the required forest productivity.

Why to prune trees?


All trees have branches in their crowns. As trees grow, they will discard some unproductive branches, since some branches die for several reasons. Over the time, these dead branches dry up and fall to the ground surface. This phenomenon is called natural pruning of trees. In planted forests, competition among trees is accelerated due to close spacing and the process of death of lower lateral branches occurs very early in the plants lives. It turns out that trees also grow in diameter, as they form new tissues by the action of a secondary lateral meristem called cambium. The xylem tissue formed by the cambium will round the base of the branches, which become encompassed and surrounded by the xylem of the stem. These regions of branches covered with stem xylem give origin to the so-called "wood knots". As the branches may be alive or dead, we have the formation of "living knots" or "dead knots." Both are serious defects of the woods, but the dead knots are much more problematic. They are relatively loose within the structure of the wood, weakening the wood resistance and showing the possibility to come off from the wood structure. Also, they open ways to the penetration of pathogens that deteriorate wood quality, causing decay, color changes and reduced strengths. In this region, the Eucalyptus trees tend to form gums and extractives that are intended to defend the tree against the intrusion of these pathogen organisms. The cicatrization or healing occurs, but leaves a loose knot and surrounded by pockets of gums, which are called "kinos".

When the branch dies, over time it breaks and falls to the ground, but always leaves a residual stub near the trunk. The tree does not have the ability to expel this residual branch stub. The trend is that new layers of xylem will be formed by tree, until they can finally cover that stub and to heal the area. Associated with this, the tree bark becomes deformed and thick in this region, as well as reaction wood is formed in the surroundings of the wound. The result is that the quality of wood deteriorates. In a saw-timber, in a wooden pole or in a layer of veneer, the presence of knots will tend to bring quality problems and worse performance results.

The pruning of trees is a silvicultural operation performed to minimize the impact of the knots in the wood quality. Although it is impossible to eliminate the branches of trees and always we have to live together with a few knots, we can orient the position and to concentrate these knots in a central shaft in the tree stem, closer to the pith. This defective core receives the name of "knotty core". There is technology and knowledge to make this knotty core with the smallest possible diameter and more centralized in the logs obtained from the pruned trees. When the pruned trees grow in diameter, exceeding the knotty core, they form knot-free wood, which is also known as "clearwood" in the wood markets. Therefore, pruning branches should be done as close as possible to the stem, leaving minimal residual stubs. Clearwood is extremely valuable and much desired for veneering, furniture manufacturing, frames, wooden structures, etc. Anyway, every time the timber should be apparent and to show its natural design, it is interesting that clearwood be used. The planter of trees is advised to assess whether or not there is market for this clearwood in the region the forests are growing and to carefully balance the benefit/cost ratio of the pruning operation.

Caring when pruning trees


Pruning trees is not just a mechanical operation. It requires specialized technical training on forest workers and very careful implementation. First, the worker must decide which trees he will prune, how high and how he will cut the branches. Therefore, pruning trees is not only an operation of cutting branches as quickly as possible to be higly productive. Unfortunately, many producers and technicians think and act as such, in the search for low cost in this operation.

The pruner of trees must have adequate tools, with appropriate maintenance, and always sharp. He should be very cautious with the operation in order not to injure the tree bark. When the branch is too thick and heavy, he is advised to make the cut in two stages. First, cutting the branches to about 30 cm from the stem; then, without the weight of the branch forcing the branch down, he may set and adjust the cut of the remaining twig as close to the trunk as he can, without hurting the bark. Heavy branches cut without good care, break and/or pull strips of the bark in the surrounding of the branch insertion region. These wounds are huge and difficult to heal.

Another caution to be taken is not to hurt the "cicatrization collar" which consists in a more protruberant region, just below the limb insertion. This bark collar is responsible for starting the process of wound healing, and to form xylem (to inside) and bark (to outside) as a result of the cambium activity. For this reason, even if someone wishes to have delimbing works as close as possible to the stem, this should be done without injuring this collar, have you understood?

In general, to prune trees the worker uses sharp small saws or specialized scissors, known as New Zealander big scissors. The worker also needs aluminum rods and ladders for high delimbing works, above the reach of the operator when he is standing on the ground. Remember also that the area should be relatively clean of weeds, to facilitate the displacement of this operator with his equipment. Cleaning weeds prior to pruning is advised to improve efficiency and to gain quality in the operation.

Pruning effects in trees, forests and woods

The pruning of the branches not only improves the quality of the new formed wood, but also affects the tree itself and its physiology. With the partial removal of living branches with leaves, there is a reduction of the crown, and of the LAI - Leaf Area Index. The LAI is the ratio between total area of green leaves per area of land occupied by forest. For Eucalyptus, the LAI varies between 2 to 5 meters of leaves/m² of land. With the removal of the living leaves in the pruned branches, the plant has a reduction in its ability to produce photosynthesis. The consequence is a lower amount of photo-assimilated compounds to be converted into plant tissues. The result can be disastrous if the pruning is excessive: the trees will be smaller in diameter and may even lose the competition to low-quality plants in their neighborhood and that have not been pruned, exactly for this reason. For this fact, the intensity of pruning is a vital decision in this silvicultural operation. It is well understood that there is a chance of reduction on diameter growth as pruning consequence; but hardly noticeable any loss of height growth. Thus, the pruned trees lose some of the taper, becoming somewhat more cylindrical. This is why we may have a slight increase in the tree shape factor in the case of pruned trees, comparing them to not delimbed trees.

The knot-free wood is also slightly affected in terms of the wood basic density. This is because the pruning is usually associated with thinning. Thus, with more available light to the remaining branches, the plants produce more earlywood in comparison to latewood. Clearwood may have a slight lower wood basic density, but without damaging its quality and performance.

These facts are important fundamentals that foresters need to know to balance operations in a way to add and not to destroy value in their forests. Unfortunately, I know many cases where unskilled operators and technicians eventually reduce the value of the forest, because their ignorance on the needs for a successful pruning.

Pruning intensity

There are some controversies and disagreements about the proportion of tree crown that can be removed by artificial pruning without causing problems in the growth of the forest. In general, the main reason for these doubts is exactly the reference parameter to control pruning: would be better to refer to the proportion of the total height of the trees or to the proportion of the green crown to remove? Traditionally, the forest planter prefers to relate to the total height of trees - to prune between 40 to 60% of the height from the base of the tree. It is known that at the time of the first artificial pruning (up to the second year of age, in the case of Brazilian Eucalyptus) the height of 50% corresponds to about 35 to 45% of green leaf area. When we prune more than 60% of the total height, we run the risk of being pruning more than 50% of the total leaf area and to affect photosynthesis in a more severe way. There are many indications that such a limit is dangerous and can affect the productivity of the forest, especially the growth in diameter. Luckily, the lower branches are shaded branches, with low net photosynthetic production. Most likely, they are branches that produce photosynthesis, but are also consuming a lot of photo-assimilated compounds to grow and to breath. Thus, the tradition has been to trim up to 40 to 60% of the total height of the tree. There are some authors showing that even more severe pruning, up to about 70% of the total height, still allow recovery of the Eucalyptus planted forest, after a short period of decline in diameter growth.

In normal situations of not so drastic artificial pruning, the forest has a very active green remaining canopy - soon it recovers its growth capacity in the pruned trees. As more low-productive branches are taken in relation to active and efficient ones, the proportion of net photo-assimilated compounds can even be improved. That is the reason for keeping research being done in this area, because research helps pointing the paths.

A major drawback resulting from the temporary reduction of pruned trees growth is that pruned trees may suffer the threat of higher competition in relation to the not pruned neighboring trees. For this reason, many foresters take the option to prune all the trees in the planted forest at the time of the low-pruning (first pruning). Doing such, they hope to gain more productivity in the operator work, as he does not have to think about choosing which trees to prune. This operator starts to act more mechanically, pruning all the trees at a fixed height of the soil (generally varying from 3.5 to 5.5 meters from ground level). Eventually, he does not prune only very few trees which are dominated, without any chance of success.

Pruning greatly reduces the living foliage of the forest, allowing more light to penetrate deeper the same. For this reason, some lower branches begin to generate more net photo-assimilated compounds, increasing their efficiency to induce growth in the corresponding trees. This all helps in the recovery of forest in the post-pruning period. It is very important that the forester knows these concepts to improve his technical and operations planning and procedures.

The selection of trees to be pruned

Pruning is an operation necessarily linked to the thinning of the forest, in terms of forest management. This is because the ultimate goal is the production of higher volumes of high-quality wood in the remaining trees of the forest, at the last and final harvesting. However, from planting seedlings to final harvesting, there will be products of thinning (one or two thinning operations in the case of Eucalyptus). It is the case of the wood coming from trees not selected to continue in the forest, and even pruned or not. Such wood will go to less demanding wood quality products, such as pulp and paper, charcoal, MDF, fiberboard, firewood, etc. In the case of Eucalyptus in Brazil, the forest management including thinnings is geared towards the final harvesting to happen in a forest having 16 to 20 years of age, with production of about 500 cubic meters of clearwood in logs removed from the tree base (up to 6 to 9 meters high) from 250 to 350 remaining trees. The top of these trees (tops are not pruned) and with smaller diameters, will also provide wood for less demanding products, such as those already mentioned. The total result of this Eucalyptus forest management is astonishing: the plantation forest produces between 300 and 350 m³ of wood for different purposes (not clearwood) and 500 cubic meters of clearwood per hectare. Altogether represents more than 800 cubic meters of wood per hectare in 20 years, i.e. about 40 m³/ha.year.

Since at the the final harvesting we will have only 250 to 350 trees per hectare to an original population from 1,100 to 1,600 trees, the question that many foresters have is the following: does it worth pruning all the trees in the first pruning, as they will lose some yield and will be oriented to other products that do not require clearwood or pruning? After all, why to spend resources and time for pruning trees that will be used for pulp and paper, MDF, charcoal, firewood, etc.? The small and medium sized farm-owner and the agroforester usually prune all the trees. They simplify their operations and their markets. On the other hand, the major producers of wood products have enlarged segmentation of their wooden markets and higher volumes to manage. For this reason, they plan to prune in other way: to prune in several steps and to select the trees to be pruned at each time of pruning.

The first pruning happens exactly at the time when the tree crowns begin to touch each other and to compete for light and other resources. At this time, the forest plants have almost no dead branches, and there are almost exclusively living branches in the forest canopy. This is the ideal time for the first pruning. If someone let this moment pass, he will start finding dead branches that are more harmful to the wood quality. On the other hand, if someone else decides to make an early pruning, before the touch of the tree crowns, he is to lose forest productivity. This is because all the branches are still very effective in carrying out photosynthesis. Removing branches with positive net photosynthesis will result in productivity losses. In addition, an early pruning performed too early, favors the growth in diameter of the remaining branches, since they are more open and free to place growth on themselves.

The trees to be pruned should have living branches and with no more than 15 mm in diameter at the limb insertion. This is all accomplished by using good genotypes, good seedlings and appropriate forest management and technologies. Pruning poor quality trees with low growth potential in volume and wood quality is an error, which unfortunately is still very usual. Pruning trees is a costly and laborious operation. It is only justified when the growth potential of the forest is good, with trees of good form, vigor and health. We should not forget that all this is also greatly affected by spacing (original population of plants per hectare) and the level of technology used in the other silvicultural operations (fertilization, pest control, weed competition and control, etc.).

In Brazil, it is relatively common to plant about 1,100 plants per hectare in Eucalyptus clonal stands of appropriate technology. The first pruning (called low pruning) usually happens when the forest is about 1.5 to 2.5 years old, with trees with 7 to 9 meters high. The most usual alternative is to prune a number of 50%, chosing the best and superior trees (between 500 and 600 trees) evenly distributed in the stand. In general, pruning is done at a fixed height, corresponding to 50% of the total height of the tallest trees. The best plants are pruned, not the worst.

The second pruning (medium pruning) usually occurs one year later, when the trees are already 10 to 12 meters high. Pruning is done in about 400 to 450 trees (those already pruned) to a height of 6 meters. Finally, the third pruning (high pruning) requires the use of aluminum ladders and/or long rods. About 250 to 350 trees (those already pruned) are pruned to a height of 9 meters. At this time, the forest has trees with height between 15 to 20 meters. This allows several options for log dimensions in the final harvesting: the usual logs are 5.5 and 3.5 meters in length.

There are foresters who prefer to do only two steps for pruning:
• low pruning to 5.5 meters high above ground when the trees are 10 to 12 meters in total height;
• high pruning to 9 meters high, at 4 to 5 years of forest age (trees with about 20 meters high).

Anyway, as a result of this forest management, each one of the remaining trees will yield between 1.5 and 2 m³ of clearwood in the final harvest. At this age, only a small cylinder in the center of the "pruned logs" will be recognized as a knotty core. This core will show the residues of the first branches of the tree along its life.

The pruning management has as one of the the missions to keep as small as possible the diameter of this knotty core. The good forester develops, depending on the characteristics of each of his forests, a "guiding diameter" to become an orientation to perform pruning. With this, he seeks to minimize the presence and distribution of the knotty core along the tree stem. What he aims is that this defective knotty cylinder be as smaller and more uniform as possible along the trunk of the pruned trees.

From what has been said so far, one can conclude that pruning trees is a silvicultural operation much more complex than many people may think it would be. Taking into account that the operator needs periods of time for displacements and to make decisions, it takes on average 1 to 2 minutes per tree for the low pruning; 2 to 3 minutes for medium pruning; and up to 5 minutes for the high pruning. Thanks to forest planning and management, the number of trees to be pruned goes down as the heigh of pruning goes up, from low to high pruning steps.

Moreover, in some specific situations, the operator needs to use some techniques to help wound healing, in case of more serious wounds. It may become worth to add some wax ointment to help cicatrization and/or anti-pathogenic pastes to control pest organims, but this is not so common. Wound healing should occur between 3 to 5 months after pruning. If it takes more time than this, there is an acceleration in the loss of wood quality. The timing and effectiveness of healing depend on: diameter of the pruned branch, size of the wound, stem position, age and physiological stage of tree, vigor and health, utilized tools, care and skills of the operator, etc. When pruning a thin living branch, the wound heals quickly and it is soon surrounded by healthy wood and bark. It will show a small defect in the beginning, but it will soon be covered by healthy tissues to become not noticed.

Recommended season to prune the Eucalyptus trees

There is a consensus that the best moment to prune branches in the Eucalyptus planted forests is at the end of the Winter or early Spring. It is important to escape from the frost period and the beginning of the proliferation activities of insects, fungi and other pests. Some farmers prefer to prune the plants in Winter, a time of low agricultural activity and with better offer of skilled labor. In this case, the risk of burning the remaining leaves by a frost is much higher. Moreover, as the plant has lower physiological activity, wound healing takes more time during the cold weather.

Pruning in Summer is not very advisable because the bark is loosen and is more easily torn away from the trunk. This can result in large wounds, which are more very difficult to heal.
On the other hand, there are some authors who argue that the Eucalyptus forests are absolutely able to accept these difficulties and they suggest that pruning can be performed at any time of year: something to be listened to with caution. These authors also emphasize that the operators must be highly qualified, should not cause damage to the "cicatrization collar" or "healing necklace" and nor to the surrounding bark. Also, they should avoid leaving stubs or twigs after cutting the branches due to inadequate cutting.

Some suggested questions to the Eucalyptus forest planters

After the previous brief considerations about the fundamental concepts for the pruning of Eucalyptus trees, I'm bringing to forest planters a list of technical issues that I recommend them to reflect about and to seek for answers to the posed questions before venturing to do the pruning in a merely mechanical and inconsequent way:

• is there commercial market for clearwood in the region? Does prices worth?
• which is the estimated benefit/cost ratio?
• what quality of genetic material and level of forestry technology have been used in the forest you want to prune?
• what type of forest management will be adopted to the stand to be pruned?
• how many pruning steps will be performed?
• what are the definitions to: tree pruning height, forest age and number of trees to be pruned?
• which are the tools to be used?
• do you have suitably qualified workers to do the pruning operation?
• is there a plan for monitoring the healing and forest yields after pruning?
• is there a definition to the guiding diameter to be set for previously managing the knotty core?
• what are the criteria for selection of trees to be pruned and to those that will remain after each pruning step?
• which are the most important decisions to be taken and by whom?

Final remarks

Pruning trees demands for knowledge, technical skills and markets for the produced clearwood. It also requires excellent forest technology to avoid spending resources on pruning low quality forests with low potential for timber production. Definitely, pruning trees improves the quality of the new formed wood for uses that pay higher values for knot-free wood. Some people mistakenly refer that clearwood is oriented to noble uses. However, the other wooden products also exhibit nobility, according to our point-of-view, such as pulp for paper, charcoal, etc. Some other people define clearwood demanding products as higher added value products. In these cases, clearwood is required as raw material and users are willing to pay even higher prices for this specific quality. However, it must become clear that only pruning does not guarantee all the demanded quality level. There is also the need for genetic quality in the trees to produce timber volume and quality, mainly to compensate for the costly operation of pruning. Also, the other silvicultural operations and harvesting should be state-of-the-art to avoid wasting and losses on yields; to get efficiency, etc. Someone should not destroy value with inappropriate operations when the final objective is exactly to add value through pruning.

A proper forest management, involving pruning and thinning, and making use of modern technologies and high-quality genetic materials, will add quality, productivity and profitability to the Eucalyptus planted forests. It also allows easier operations, alternatives for multiple forest uses, and improvements in environmental quality through the enlarged biodiversity in the understories formed because more open spacing will be provided after pruning and thinning.

Advantages and disadvantages exist in any kind of business or business activities. It will be an obligation to the planted forest producers to know very well what they have to do and which are the future prospects for such pruning actions taken today. I do not recommend that forest planters go to play risky adventures on unknown roads just because "they have heard that the financial return is certain and guaranteed and they surely are to make fortunes when pruning their trees". I also recommend a careful reading of the text I have written to you and also a carefull browsing to the selection of literature references offered just ahead.

Good luck, good reading and a lot of successes with wise decisions on managing Eucalyptus forests: that is exactly what I wish to all those who believe that the Eucalyptus trees can supply better wood and provide better values to our Society.

Literature references and suggestions for additional reading

Produccion de madera de calidad de eucalipto. La poda - conocimientos fundamentales y tecnica. L. Nutto; M.C.T. Vasquez; J.L. Delgado. CIS-Madera Journal. 11 pp. Accessed on 04.02.2010
http://www.cismadera.com/castelan/downloads/cismadera11poda.pdf (In Spanish)

Madeira para serraria.
Triqueda Farm. Accessed on 04.02.2010
http://www.fazendatriqueda.com.br/produtos/madeira-para-serraria (In Portuguese)

Manejo de reflorestamento. Brasil. Forestry Guide. Accessed on 04.02.2010
http://www.guiaflorestal.com.br/?pg=lerartigo&id=83 (In Portuguese)

Efecto de poda y raleo en el area foliar de Eucalyptus nitens. F. Munoz; M. Espinosa; J. Cancino; R. Rubilar; M. Herrera. Bosque 29(1): 45-51. (2008)
http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/bosque/v29n1/art05.pdf (In Spanish, with summary in English)

Poda y raleo de plantaciones de Eucalyptus nitens. J.C. Valencia. INFOR Chile Technical Guide. 16 pp. (2008)
http://www.infor.gob.cl/en/centro-de-
documentacion.html?c=cedoc&task=venta
(In Spanish)

Qualidade da madeira em clone de Eucalyptus grandis submetido a desrama artificial. H.Q. Polli. Revista Arvore 30(4): 557-566. (2006)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v30n4/31676.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Manejo de Eucalyptus para uso multiplo. A experiencia da Klabin. R.L. Sella. IPEF Symposium "Managing Eucalyptus for Multiple Purposes". PowerPoint presentation: 33 slides. (2006)
http://www.tume.esalq.usp.br/simp/arquivos/sella.pdf (In Portuguese)

Manejo florestal. Klabin Florestal. L.G. Bernett. IPEF Integration Seminar. PowerPoint presentation: 10 slides. (2006)
http://www.ipef.br/eventos/2006/integracao/Palestra13.pdf (In Portuguese)

Caracteristicas del crecimiento en diametro, altura y volumen de una plantacion de Eucalyptus nitens sometida a tratamientos silvicolas de poda y raleo. F. Munoz; M. Espinosa; M.A. Herrera; J. Cancino. Bosque 26(1): 93-99. (2005)
http://www.nitens.cl/Munoz%20et%20al.%202005.pdf (In Spanish, with summary in English)

Crescimento de plantas de clones de Eucalyptus grandis submetidas a diferentes tratamentos de desrama artificial, na regiao do cerrado. (Growth of pruned Eucalyptus grandis clones in the savannah region, Brazil). K. Pulrolnik; G.G. Reis; M.G.F. Reis; M.A. Monte; I.C.I. Fontan. Revista Arvore 29(4): 495-505. (2005)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v29n4/a01v29n4.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)
http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/488/48829401.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)


Poda forestal. V.D. Kurtz; M.R. Ferruchi. Technical Handbook # 02. INTA Monte Carlo. 16 pp. (2004)
http://www.inta.gov.ar/montecarlo/INFO/documentos/
forestales/Manual_de_Poda_Forestal.pdf
(In Spanish)

Pruning eucalypts. The biology and silviculture of clear wood production in planted eucalypts. K. Montagu; D. Kearney; G. Smith. RIRDC/Land & Water Australia/FWPRDC Report. 42 pp. (2003)
https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/02-152.pdf (In English)

Poda de Eucalyptus grandis. J.L. Aparicio. INTA E.E.A. Bella Vista. Technical Sheet Number 22. 06 pp. (2003)
http://www.inta.gov.ar/bellavista/info/documentos/forestales/
22%20%20Poda%20de%20Eucalyptus%20Grandis.pdf
(In Spanish)

Efeito da desrama artificial na qualidade da madeira de clones de eucalipto em sistema agrosilvipastoril. R.S. Vale; R.L.G. Macedo; N. Venturin; F.A. Mori; A.R. Morais. Revista Arvore 26(3): 285-297. (2002)
http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/488/48826304.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Crescimento, dinamica de copa e qualidade da madeira para serraria de clone de Eucalyptus grandis submetido a desrama artificial. (Growth, crown dynamic and sawtimber wood quality for Eucalyptus grandis clone submitted to artificial pruning). K. Pulrolnik. Master Dissertation. UFV. 121 pp. (2002)
http://www.tede.ufv.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=919 (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

The principles and practice of pruning. R. Reid. AFG Special Liftout nº 60. 12 pp. (2002)
http://www.mtg.unimelb.edu.au/publications/AFGLiftout%20no%202.pdf (In English)

Efeito da intensidade da desrama sobre o crescimento e a producao de Eucalyptus saligna. C.A.G. Finger; P.R. Schneider; J.L. Bazzo; J.E.M. Klein. Cerne 7(2): 53-64. (2001)
http://www.dcf.ufla.br/cerne/Revistav7n2-2001/06%20artigo%20016.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

La poda como parte de la estrategia para la obtencion de madera de calidad. V.D. Kurtz; R. Ferruchi. INTA. XV Jornadas Forestales de Entre Rios. 23 pp. (2000)
http://www.inta.gov.ar/montecarlo/INFO/documentos/forestales/Lapoda.pdf (In Spanish)

Modeling the effect of physiological responses to green pruning on net biomass production of Eucalyptus nitens. E.A. Pinkard; M. Battaglia; C.L. Beadle; P. Sands. Tree Physiology 19: 1-12. (1999)
http://www.nitens.cl/Pinkard%20et%20al.%201999.pdf (In English)

Effects of green pruning on growth and stem shape of Eucalyptus nitens
. E.A. Pinkard; C.L. Beadle. New Forests 15: 107–126. (1998)
http://www.nitens.cl/Pinkard%20and%20Beadle.%201998a.pdf (In English)

Proceedings of the 1st Course "Training about Pruning Trees in Commercial and Urban Forestry"
. IPEF/FUPEF. Several Speeches. (1996)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/curso_arborizacao_urbana/ (In Portuguese)

Manual de poda de especies arboreas florestais. R.A. Seitz. Speech "Urban Forestry and Arboriculture". FUPEF/IPEF. 56 pp. (1995)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/curso_arborizacao_urbana/cap08.pdf (In Portuguese)

Manejo de florestas para serraria nas empresas nacionais: algumas experiencias de manejo de eucalipto para serraria. C.R. Obino; L.F. Menezes. International Seminar "Utilizacao da Madeira de Eucalipto para Serraria". 07 pp. (1995)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/seminario_serraria/cap14.pdf (In Portuguese, with summary in English)

Changes in crown productivity and stem growth of Eucalyptus nitens in response to green pruning. L. Pinkard; C. Beadle; N. Davidson; M. Battaglia. IUFRO Conference on "Eucalyptus plantations: improving fibre yield and quality". 02 pp. (1995)
http://www.nitens.cl/Pinkard%20et%20al.pdf (In English)

Practicas silviculturales de poda y raleo en Eucalyptus grandis. M. Sanchez Acosta. II Jornadas de Entre Rios. 19 pp. (1987)
http://www.sagpya.mecon.gov.ar/new/0-0/forestacion/
biblos/pdf/1987/11-1987-06.pdf
(In Spanish)

Implicacoes tecnicas e economicas na utilizacao da desrama artificial.
S.M. Ferreira. IPEF Technical Bulletin # 46. 12 pp. (1979)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/ctecnica/nr046.pdf (In Portuguese)

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