Editorial
Dear friends,
This
is our Eucalyptus Newsletter number 07. It is the opening number for
the year 2007. Now, we are receiving the financial
sponsorship from ABTCP - The Brazilian Technical Association of Pulp
and Paper and from Botnia. ABTCP decided to take the leadership in a
consortium of organizations that have the interest to sponsor the online
publications Eucalyptus Newsletter & Eucalyptus
Online Book, helping
the dissemination of information’s about the Eucalyptus. With a
financial support, I'll be able to have a closer dedication to this project;
and the newsletter issues and online book chapters will be more frequent.
I'd like to register my special thanks to ABTCP's directors and friends,
who are helping me to achieve the targets I have in mind with regard
to these services. A special thanks to Botnia, a pulp & paper company
is placing trust in our work. Botnia is the first forest-based company
sponsoring this project. As a Brazilian, but also as a world citizen,
my gratitude to this help coming from abroad, showing that the Eucalyptus
world is enormous, as well the interest on them. Any other organizations
or companies interested on providing financial support to these online
publications, please go to know the conditions and opportunities at:
http://www.eucalyptus.com.br/sponsor.html
The mini-article
in this edition deals about the most modern bleached kraft pulp fiberlines
being built for Eucalyptus as raw materials. In
recent years, the technologies for digesting, bleaching, washing and
the closures of water systems are leading to very eco-efficient pulp
mills. The consumption’s of water, energy, steam and chemicals
are being substantially reduced. We know that any residues or losses
are converted into pollution. As a consequence, more efficient mills
are a lot cleaner and less polluting.
As a function of the contradictory viewpoints about the modern technologies
for bleached Eucalyptus pulp manufacturing, even in these state-of-the-art
fiberlines, I decided to provide several euca-links to inform more about
these fiberlines and about some Environmental Impact Assessment Reports.
Also, I'm introducing to you magnificent reports about the environmental
legislation and guidelines to the pulp and paper manufacturing industry.
Some of these reports and related studies were written as requested by
the Tasmania government, as preliminary studies preceding the approval
of the Gunns Eucalyptus pulp mill in Tasmania. My friend Mr. Roberto
Miotti was the project leader and the coordinator for the majority of
these studies. The purpose of the Tasmania government is to guarantee
that a new mill may come to the state, but having the most modern and
green technology.
Another interesting
issue about environment is the open forum on forestry, known as "The Forests Dialogue".
I'm bringing several information about this unique and valuable initiative.
In continuation to our Wood
Anatomy and Wood Structure Tutorial, several
new links are being provided. Something to improve what has been started
in the previous edition of the Eucalyptus Newsletter.
Some revisions on specific new themes are being opened: genomics in
eucalyptus, honey production potential and eucalyptus essential oils.
In this sense, we are combining very advanced scientific knowledge with
practical applications for the Eucalyptus.
I'm also bringing several suggestions about guides, books, speeches,
statistics and events on Eucalyptus. In the Eucalyptus Newsletter, we
are not used to promote events that are to come in the future. Our intention
with regard to events is to show to you links with events that have recently
happened, and with the speeches available for downloading. Several organizations
are used to show all contents of their events, in a particular way to
promote future events. Definitively, a new way to promote and to disseminate
the knowledge, without any egoism. Thanks to them, on behalf of we all.
Another chapter of
my professional life is being brought to you, with a lot of valuable
technical information. You may visit my participation
in the creation of the "Graduate Course
in Forest Engineering - Forest Products Technology Major - UFSM Federal
University of Santa Maria".
A privilege on my life. Besides the report on my experiences in the university,
you may also find the quizzes, some hand-outs and my ex-students' master
and PhD theses, all available for downloading.
In case you like these Euca-Links, please download the files as soon
as possible, since the web is very dynamic, and websites are always being
changed, updated or restructured.
Just in case you are not registered yet to receive the Eucalyptus
Newsletter,
and the book chapters attached to it, when they are made available, do
it immediately. There are no costs involved. Please, use the short cut
Click here to register. Please, accept my most sincere thanks for supporting
our work when accessing regularly our websites.
In case I may eventually count with your help, please, send a recommendation
to your friends who have the same level of interest for the Eucalyptus,
suggesting them to register to receive these virtual publications. Thanks
for this cooperation. We are now over 2.300 registered readers, thanks
to you all.
Remember, this is a no-cost service offered to you. What we want is
to provide good benefits to the users.
Thanks for everything
Celso Foelkel
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br
http://www.eucalyptus.com.br
In
this edition
Lots
of
Euca Links and Knowledge
Graduate
Course in Forest Engineering - Forest Products Technology - UFSM
Federal University of Santa Maria
Wood
Anatomy: A Complement to our Previous Tutorial
"The
Forests Dialogue"
Eucalyptus
Essential Oils
Honey
Production from Eucalyptus
Genomics in
Eucalyptus
Environmental
Impact Assessment Studies for Modern Pulp Fiberlines
Environmental
Legislation for Modern Pulp Fiberlines: a Study Made Available by
the Tasmania Government
Literatures
and Events about the Eucalyptus
Technical
Mini Article by Celso Foelkel
Modern Bleached
Kraft Eucalyptus Pulp Fiberlines
Lots
of Euca Links and Knowledge
The websites we are suggesting as links are not ours. Their contents
are not our responsibility. Our suggestion is based on the fact
that they are offering good technical material that we feel could
be valuable to you. In case you do not agree with their contents,
please get in touch directly to their web addresses. Please, be
patient when opening some of the suggested URLs. They may take
some minutes
due to the fact some files are very heavy. In case the URL does
not open in your first attempt, try it again, one or more times.
In case of heavy files, this is a common problem in the internet
use. Since most of the URLs are contemplating pdf files, you are
recommended to have Adobe
Acrobat Reader in your computer. Please,
give some minutes of your precious time for these links, you are
not to feel sorry.
Graduate
Course in Forest Engineering - Forest Products Technology - UFSM
Federal University of Santa Maria
I had the privilege to be one of the persons involved in the creation
of this graduate course in Forest Products and Pulp and Paper, in Brazil.
At the Federal University of Santa Maria, along more than 10 years,
I was able to build a fantastic network of friendship and expertise
with professors, students and organizations supporting the course.
This story is being told to you, with the possibility to download the
theses, quizzes, and technical hand-outs that have been written at
that time. The generation of students we had was really talented. You
may check this spending some time having a look in their theses. This
section is completely written in Portuguese, but the theses have abstracts
in English.
To know more about this story, please visit:
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/relatos2.html
To access hand-outs and theses:
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos_ufsm2.html
Wood
Anatomy:
A
Complement to our Previous Tutorial
In
our Eucalyptus Newsletter number 06 we had the opportunity to introduce
you to the Wood Anatomy Tutorial, an enormous collection of references
on wood anatomy and wood structure. In case you have not visited
this tutorial, take this chance and go to:
http://www.eucalyptus.com.br/newspt_out06.html
More recently, I found and I received indications of new websites,
very good ones, to be included in our Tutorial.
Check these new euca-links:
"Wood
anatomy" (Spanish)
http://www.biologia.edu.ar/plantas/maderas.htm
"Characteristics
of the wood from some Eucalyptus species planted in Brazil" -
Embrapa Florestas (Portuguese)
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/seriedoc/edicoes/docum38.pdf
"Parenchyma
cells" (Spanish)
http://www.inea.uva.es/servicios/histologia/celulas_parenquimaticas.htm
"Phloem" (Spanish)
http://www.inea.uva.es/servicios/histologia/floema.htm
"Vegetal
tissues" (Spanish)
http://www.inea.uva.es/servicios/histologia/inicio_real.htm
http://www.inea.uva.es/servicios/histologia/mapa_del_web.htm
"Eucalyptus wood products for the construction of houses" (Spanish)
http://www.inta.gov.ar/concordia/info/documentos/forestacion/productos%20de%20
eucalipto%20sanchez%20acosta.pdf
"Propriedades
físicas, mecânicas e químicas das madeiras e da parede celular" -
notas de aulas do professor Umberto Klock da Universidade Federal
do Paraná (Português)
http://www.madeira.ufpr.br/umbertoklock/quimica/notasdeaula.htm
http://www.madeira.ufpr.br/umbertoklock/QuimicadaMadeira.pdf
http://www.madeira.ufpr.br/umbertoklock/Quimicadaparedecelular2004.ppt
"Physical,
mechanical and chemical properties of the woods and cell walls" -
Prof. Umberto Klock's classes hand-outs - Federal University of Parana (Portuguese)
http://www.madeira.ufpr.br/Tecnologiadamadeira.pdf
"Xylem" (Spanish)
http://www.inea.uva.es/servicios/histologia/xilema.htm
"The
Forests Dialogue"
One of the best ways to face the challenges
to promote the Sustainable Development is through the dialogue among
interested
parties, no matter whether or not the points of views are similar.
A constructive dialogue, with confidence and interest to achieve negotiated
targets is a good way to improve the environment. For this reason,
our admiration to the initiative of a group of persons from private
industry and NGOs, when they decided to create a forum to discuss forest
issues: TDF - The Forests Dialogue. This is a good indication that
sustainability has to be reached understanding the different angles
it may be seen. In reality, "The Forests Dialogue" program
consists in a kind of NGO, that houses, since 1999, a diverse group
of people from different interests, origins, background and regions.
They are committed to find better ways to manage forests (natural and
plantations) and to the conservation of forest biodiversity in the
world. The TFD members are individuals, they are not delegates from
organizations or companies, although they are linked to them. The priority
issues being discussed are: forest certification, illegal forest logging,
plantations based on intensive silviculture, conservation of forest
biodiversity, and forests as agents to reduce poverty. Private companies,
NGOs and universities are supporting these debates. Among the private
companies we may list: Aracruz, Cenibra, International Paper, Mondi,
Rigesa, Suzano, Stora Enso, Veracel, Weyerhaeuser, World Bank, etc.
Among NGOs: Conservation International, Friends of the Earth - Amazonia,
Biodiversitas, IIED - International Institute for Environment and Development,
ITTO - International Tropical Timber Organization, SOS Mata Atlantica,
The Nature Conservancy, WAC - World Agroforestry Center, WBCSD - World
Business Council for Sustainable Development, WRI - World Resources
Institute, WWF - World Wildlife Fund, etc. Several dialogues have already
happened in South Africa, Brazil, China, Indonesia, England, Russia,
Switzerland and other countries. The TFD Secretariat is housed by the
Global Institute of Sustainable Forestry at Yale University, in USA.
Know more about the TFD program, the history, targets, purposes, etc:
About the TFD program (webpages
in English):
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd/ifm.html
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd/biodiversity.html
http://www.conservation.org.br/noticias/noticia.php?id=122 (Portuguese)
Some of the Dialogues on Forest Biodiversity
have taken place in Brazil, aiming the preservation of the Mata Atlantica
biodiversity. In these events in Brazil, most of the presentations
are in Portuguese:
1st International Dialogue- 2003:
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd/biodiversity%20materials.html
1st International Dialogue- 2005:
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd/regionalfandb.html
2nd Regional Dialogue - 2006:
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd/regionalfandb2.html
3rd Regional Dialogue
- 2006:
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd/regionalfandb3.html
Many articles and reports have been made available.
We are listing the presentations of the Brazilian forest companies.
Apremavi
- Klabin:
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd/Dialogo%20Florestal%20Apremavi.pdf
Cenibra:
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd/Deuseles%20Combio.pdf
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd/Projeto%20Ribeirao%20do%20Boi.pdf
Masisa:
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd/Apresentacao_sandro_marianareuniao%20tecnica%20VERSAO
%20FINAL%20SPVS.pdf
Rigesa:
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/assets/pdf/tfd/conservation/presentations/Brito%20Rigesa%20TFD
%20Presentation.pdf
Suzano:
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/assets/pdf/tfd/conservation/presentations/Cornacchioni.pdf
Veracel:
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/assets/pdf/tfd/conservation/presentations/Moreno%20Veracel%20TFD
%20Presentation.pdf
Moreover, there are also interesting debates about intensively
managed plantation forests. They have happened in Switzerland, China
and Indonesia. The presentations are excellent, very rich on details,
pictures, etc.
Switzerland 2005:
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd/impf%20scoping.html
China 2006:
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd/impf%20china.html
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/assets/pdf/tfd/ifm/Word_Bank_report.pdf
Indonesia 2007:
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd/ifm.html
Finally,
a good number of publications may be downloaded free of charge from:
http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd/documents.html
Eucalyptus
Essential Oils
All
Eucalyptus have some percentage of essential oils in their leaves.
This may be very easily noticed , just squeezing one of their leaves
with the fingers. The odor is unique and nice. Some of these essential
oils are valuable to medicine, and others to the manufacture of detergents,
deodorants, candies, food, insecticides, fungicides, insect repellents,
etc. This industry is very huge now, it is no longer an artisan work
of distilling oils with steam at home. We have now specialized distilleries
with their own cultivation of leaves in a typically managed plantation
of Eucalyptus trees. It's definitively a growing business. The market
for Eucalyptus essential oils is global, today you may feel the Eucalyptus
odor everywhere in the world. It is something light, nice, that provides
satisfaction and happiness.
Some
species are known for having more percentage of oils than others.
Some oils, due to their uses, are more valuable than others. Eucalyptus
globulus, E.cinerea and Corymbia citriodora are
some of the well-known species for being raw materials for this extraction.
I'm providing a good number of euca-links this time. Some of these
links were presented in the Eucalyptus Newsletter number 04, but
I'm repeating them with many others. This is because the good number
of people asking me questions about this Eucalyptus valuable utilization.
Please, have
a look at:
http://ci-67.ciagri.usp.br/pm/agronomicaIII.ppt (Portuguese)
http://www.pucrs.br/oleosessenciais/info.php (Portuguese)
http://dspace.c3sl.ufpr.br/dspace/bitstream/1884/1248/1/pretextuais.pdf (Part 1 - Portuguese)
http://dspace.c3sl.ufpr.br/dspace/bitstream/1884/1248/2/texto.pdf (Part 2 - Portuguese)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/docflorestais/df17.pdf (Portuguese)
http://volpi.ea.ufrgs.br/teses_e_dissertacoes/td/000387.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.revista.inf.br/florestal01/pages/artigos/artigo06.htm (Portuguese)
http://www.destilariameneghetti.com.br/meneghetti_port_todas.htm (Portuguese)
http://www.remade.com.br/revista/materia.php?edicao=75&id=407 (Portuguese)
http://www.remade.com.br/revista/materia.php?edicao=59&id=19 (Portuguese)
http://sbrt.ibict.br/upload/sbrt2057.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.ipef.br/tecprodutos/gomaeoleos.asp (Portuguese)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/sa/v63n1/27908.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/scientia/nr56/cap11.pdf (Portuguese)
http://globoruraltv.globo.com/GRural/0,27062,LTO0-4370-152944-1,00.html (Portuguese)
http://www.dierberger.com.br/globulus.htm (Portuguese)
http://www.editora.ufla.br/revista/27_2/art01.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.biologico.sp.gov.br/biologico/v68_supl_raib/271.PDF (Portuguese)
http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/equilibrio/noticias/ult263u4256.shtml (Portuguese)
http://www.embrapa.gov.br/noticias/banco_de_noticias/2003/outubro/bn.2004-11-25.8761533284/mostra_noticia
(Portuguese)
http://www.ufrrj.br/institutos/if/revista/pdf/p181.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.cpafac.embrapa.br/pdf/bp37.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.ufgd.edu.br/~omard/docs/a_matdid/silvicultura/Sil_07_Manejo_CV.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.ruralnet.com.br/especiarias/eucalipto.asp (Portuguese)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/v5350e/v5350e07.htm (English)
http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/3093.htm (English)
http://www.aciar.gov.au/web.nsf/doc/JFRN-5J4757 (English)
http://www.ricecrc.org/reader/other-oil-crops/eucalyptus-leaf-oils (English)
http://www.oilmallee.com.au/docs/BARTON.doc (English)
http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jafcau/2003/51/i27/abs/jf034799k.html (English)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14690363 (English)
http://www.anu.edu.au/BoZo/BillsLab/PDF%20files/2005/Baranska%20et%20al.pdf (English)
http://www.newcrops.uq.edu.au:80/newslett/ncnl4214.htm (English)
http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/ap/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/apbot-farm2c/evanswc01/27.html (Spanish)
Honey Production from
Eucalyptus
The
Eucalyptus are able to have rich blossoming. The flowers
have many anthers, pollen and nectar. These flowers are very
much loved by honey bees, and they result in a delicious,
abundant and nutritive honey. For this reason, always we
have an Eucalyptus forest, we may have honey bee culture
associated with. There are many farmers who are used to have
partnerships with the forest based companies. The foresters
allow farmers to use the Eucalyptus flowers by cultivating
the bees, and they receive a certain amount of the produced
honey. This honey received by the forest companies is in
general used in social programs with the communities. This
makes the Eucalyptus forests more attractive and productive.
There are Eucalyptus species that yields many flowers, and
others fewer. It is relatively known that Eucalyptus
dunnii tress have few flowers and do not seed well in South America.
For this reason, these forests are not recommended for this
end-use. E.urograndis hybrid has in general many flowers,
but more in forests established with seedlings obtained from
seeds. The clones have flowers, but less than the more heterogeneous
forests obtained from seeds. Clonal forests have small canopies,
because they have been improved by genetics to be very efficient
in terms of photosynthesis. There are clones very productive
and with many flowers when they blossom, and others not as
good for this purpose. For this reason, the production of
flowers for honey bee cultivation is something to be upgraded
by forest breeding, and not discarded as it is being in most
of the forest improvements programs. The College of Agriculture
Luiz de Queiroz, from the University of Sao Paulo, has a
very wide program for developing non-wood products from Eucalyptus
plantation forests. The name of the program is TUME - Test
of Multiple Uses for Eucalyptus. You may visit the TUME websites
at:
http://www.tume.esalq.usp.br
http://www.gfmo.esalq.usp.br/projetos.htm
http://www.esalq.usp.br/destaques.php?id=116.
There are many sources of online information's about
the honey production from Eucalyptus forests. Some of them, we are
offering as euca-links to you:
http://www.agrobit.com/Info_tecnica/alternativos/apicultura/AL_000012ap.htm (Spanish)
http://www.culturaapicola.com.ar/apuntes/floraapicola/aptitud%20melifera%20del%20eucaliptus.pdf (Spanish)
http://www.inta.gov.ar/concordia/info/indices/tematica/cd-manual-prod-eucaliptos/25.pdf (Spanish)
http://www.sada.org.ar/Articulos/Tecnicos/polinizacion_eucaliptus.htm (Spanish)
http://www.remade.com.br/revista/materia.php?edicao=75&id=393 (Portuguese)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/cta/v22n2/a07v22n2.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.naturlink.pt/canais/Artigo.asp?iArtigo=139&iLingua=1 (Portuguese)
http://www.febraban.org.br/Arquivo/Servicos/Eventoscursos/Semark_atendbanc/palestras/
S%E9rgio%20Marnio%20Gandra%20Vaz.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.iac.sp.gov.br/bragantia/volume/5901/1078.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.bracelpa.org.br/br/social/pdfsocial05/03_cap2.pdf (Portuguese
and English)
http://www.aracruzcelulose.com/doc/pdf/publicacao_050423.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.veracel.com.br/web/pt/outros/noticias0006.html (Portuguese)
http://sbrt.ibict.br/upload/sbrt233.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.tume.esalq.usp.br/simp/arquivos/edimilsonbitti.pdf (Portuguese)
www.alpa.org.ve/ojs/include/getdoc.php?id=79&article=42&mode=pdf (Portuguese)
www.alpa.org.ve/ojs/include/getdoc.php?id=87&article=50&mode=pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/scientia/nr29/cap01.pdf (Portuguese)
http://calvados.c3sl.ufpr.br/ojs2/index.php/alimentos/article/view/1159/960 (Portuguese)
http://www.ial.sp.gov.br/publicacao/revista/2003/n1/63.pdf (English)
http://www.ial.sp.gov.br/publicacao/revista/2003/n1/64.pdf (English)
http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/enrc/inquiries/old/enrc/unff/report/util3-06.htm (English)
http://web.uniud.it/eurbee/Proceedings/quality%20control%20residues.pdf (English)
http://www.alimentosargentinos.gov.ar/miel_comisiones/COMISIONES/honey_book-Alberta_Canada.pdf (English)
http://www.coford.ie/iopen24/pub/pub/Reports/NWFP.pdf (English)
http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/bees/pubs/honeybees-overview.pdf (English)
Genomics in Eucalyptus
Today, there is a huge effort
being placed by R&D in order to better know the Eucalyptus genome. After all,
the genes are highly responsible for the expression of the Eucalyptus
qualities. The knowledge of the Eucalyptus genetic code will allow
faster and more qualified forest trees and wood products improvements.
The identification of some selected genes will speed up the forest
genetic breeding. We have a lot of R&D in Eucalyptus genomics
in Brazil, South Africa, Portugal and Chile, among others. Surely,
many of these investigations are duplications by the scientists,
but the developments in genomics are being fast and in a productive
way. Genetic engineering is another tool being considered and investigated
by the universities and private R&D laboratories. Genetic engineering
should be developed in the correct speed, and with all details
for a very safe procedure. Mainly considering that the Eucalyptus
have a high potential for hybridization and gene transfer from
one species to another. In case of the Eucalyptus, the genes do
not respect the geographical frontiers, no matter they are limits
for farms, or countries. In Brazil, the partnerships between government
R&D agencies, private companies and universities have gained
room for developing the genomics of the Eucalyptus. The goal now
is to relate the gene sequences with the correct expressions of
trees, woods and wood products qualities. In the global scene,
several researchers in the world decided to create a consortium
of Eucalyptus genomics to exchange knowledge and experiences. The
idea came just after the IUFRO Eucalyptus Forest Genetics Meeting
which took place in Hobart/Australia, The consortium houses scientists
from several countries: Brazil, Australia, Japan, USA, Portugal,
Spain, France, South Africa, Belgium, etc.
To know more about genomics in the Eucalyptus,
please visit:
http://www.ieugc.up.ac.za (English)
http://www.ieugc.up.ac.za/founding_meeting.htm (English)
http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/forest/pdf/2002/05/23.pdf?access=ok (English)
http://www.ars-grin.gov (English)
http://www.ipef.br/melhoramento/genoma/english.asp (English)
http://www.funpecrp.com.br/gmr/year2004/vol3-3/gmr0109_full_text.htm (English)
http://www.nature.com/omics/subjects/genomesequenceandanalysis/index.html (English)
http://www.nature.com/omics/index.html (English)
http://dendrome.ucdavis.edu (English)
http://www.genesis.co.nz/Press_Releases/News_Article.php?id=38 (English)
http://www.ipef.br/melhoramento/genoma/pdfs/schmidt98.pdf (English)
http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/laboratorios/LIMPP/PDFs/01.pdf (English)
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/nreos/forest/feop/Agenda2004/iufro_genetics2004 (English)
http://www.csir.co.za/plsql/ptl0002/PTL0002_PGE100_LOOSE_CONTENT?
LOOSE_PAGE_NO=7009843 (English)
http://www.csir.co.za/websource/ptl0002/pdf_files/nre/2006/forestry.pdf (English)
http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/pre-melhoramento/Por/prog_por.htm (Portuguese)
http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/palestras/21102006/21102006_001.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/palestras/19102006/19102006_011.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/publica/trabalhos/fn2004/arquivos/23110401.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/publica/trabalhos/cot091.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/palestras/18102006/18102006_002.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/publica/trabalhos/cot121.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.genmelhor.ufv.br (Portuguese)
http://www.ipef.br/melhoramento/genoma (Portuguese)
http://lcf.esalq.usp.br/lrgfb/arvores.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11144/tde-08032006-141346 (Portuguese)
http://ftp.mct.gov.br/especial/genolyptus.htm (Portuguese)
http://ftp.mct.gov.br/especial/genolyptus3.htm (Portuguese)
http://ftp.mct.gov.br/especial/genolyptus4.htm (Portuguese)
http://ftp.mct.gov.br/especial/genolyptus5.htm (Portuguese)
http://www.lge.ibi.unicamp.br/eucalyptus (Portuguese)
http://www.ufv.br/dbg/bio240/GenolyptusGuilherme42102.htm (Portuguese)
http://inventabrasilnet.t5.com.br/heleuca.htm (Portuguese)
http://atlas.sct.embrapa.br/pdf/cct/v21/v21n1_11.pdf (Portuguese)
http://www.biotecnologia.com.br/biochat/viewchat.asp?id=7&data=06/10/2003 (Portuguese)
http://www.inta.gov.ar/ediciones/idia/forest/genetica12.pdf (Spanish)
http://www.inta.gov.ar/ediciones/idia/forest/genetica01.pdf (Spanish)
http://www.inta.gov.ar/bellavista/info/documentos/forestales/03%20-%20
Taller%20de%20Biotecn.%20Mejoram.%20Forest..pdf (Spanish)
Environmental
Impact Assessment Studies for Modern Pulp Fiberlines
Today,
it is becoming more often the availability of good and transparent
Environmental Impact Assessment Studies and Reports through
the web. The industrial companies want to have a better understanding
coming from the community. For this reason, the transparency
to the interested parties is one of the targets in the new
way to manage environment. As a result of this trend, we all
are able to know more and to better understand these environmental
and technological issues, mainly those related to impacts in
the physical, biological, social and economic segments. In
a recent Eucalyptus Newsletter (number 04), we have introduced
several environmental impact studies for the new mills being
or to be built in Uruguay (Botnia and ENCE). You may visit
this newsletter and find the reports to each of the mills,
and also the cumulative impact study report, since both mills
were originally supposed to be built very close one to another,
in Fray Bentos. Today, the situation in Uruguay has changed.
The Botnia mill is being built at the designed speed and in
the same location, but the ENCE mill will be relocated in the
place and with another size. A new environmental study surely
will be made to the new ENCE project. It is also important
to mention that the original cumulative impact study (December
2005) was made by Malcolm Pirnie & Pacific Consultants.
This report was submitted to a Canadian consultant company,
named Hatfield, to evaluate and to identify potential weaknesses
and opportunities for improvements. All this process was guided
by IFC - International Finance Corporation, a World Bank entity.
IFC had requests from both companies to finance part of the
total investment. Due to the Hatfield report, the first original
cumulative impact assessment was considered to be a draft.
After the report from Hatfield, a new Canadian company, EcoMetrix,
has been requested to review and to rewrite the cumulative
impact study. EcoMetrix has done this task with a group of
international and qualified consultants. The Hatfield report
and the final cumulative impact study by EcoMetrix are available
for downloads. All these reports are valuable source of information
to all people in the pulp and paper sector, for the great contribution
they are bringing for a better understanding of the environmental
impacts of a bleached kraft Eucalyptus pulp mill.
Let's cover all this in the following order:
Original
reports and cumulative impact assessment studies for the ENCE
and Botnia mills in Uruguay: visit the Eucalyptus Newsletter
number 04 and travel on the available euca-links about these
topics:
http://www.eucalyptus.com.br/newspt_may06.html#sete .
You
have the option to enter in the IFC website and to go the page
of the final cumulative impact report from EcoMetrix: http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/lac.nsf/Content/Uruguay_Pulp_Mills_CIS_Final .
It
is also valid to know in details the environmental impact report
from the Botnia mill (Orion project) at: http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/lac.nsf/Content/Uruguay_PulpMills_Background_Docs
Finally,
the draft report on cumulative impact assessment from December
2005, prepared by Malcom Pirnie and Pacific Consultants, the
basis for the other reports, is also available at the IFC website:
http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/lac.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/Uruguay_PulpMills_Part1/$FILE/CIS_Part1_UruguayPulpMills.pdf
Report
from Hatfield Consultants, a study made by L.Wayne Dwernychuck
and Neil McCubbin:
http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/lac.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/Uruguay_ExpertsReport_Oct06/
$FILE/Uruguay_ExpertsReport_Oct06_English.pdf (English)
http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/lac.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/Uruguay_ExpertsReport_Oct06_Spanish/
$FILE/Uruguay_ExpertsReport_Oct06_Spanish.pdf (Spanishl)
Report
from the Canadian consulting company EcoMetrix, the final version
for the cumulative impact assessment study:
http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/lac.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/Uruguay_CIS_Oct2006/
$FILE/Uruguay_CIS_Oct2006.pdf (English)
Another very famous and well-published undertaking
on Eucalyptus pulp manufacturing is known as the Gunns
Bell Bay project, a mill to be built in Tasmania/Australia. Gunns at Bell
Bay is claiming to be the greenest and the most technically advanced
pulp mill in the world. This is surely something that needs a careful
comparison to other very modern and sophisticated fiberlines, as
well. The new mill will be located in a region very attractive,
with natural beauties and tourist landscapes. For this reason,
very extensive studies are being made, to guarantee the construction
of a minimum impact mill, with the most modern and available technologies.
Know more about Gunns and its Bell Bay project:
http://www.gunnspulpmill.com.au (English)
http://www.gunnspulpmill.com.au/iis/default.htm (Draft
of the Environmental Impact Study, in English)
http://www.gunns.com.au/downloads/FMS_10_LR.pdf (English)
http://www.pulpmill.tas.gov.au/factsheets/TheFacts.pdf (English)
http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_docs/pm_index.htm (English)
http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_dwnl/Project_Scope_Revised_260805.pdf
(scope of the Bell Bay project, in English)
Environmental Legislation for Modern Pulp Fiberlines: a
Study Made Available by the Tasmania Government
The Bell Bay project from Gunns demanded a very
wide range of pre-feasibility studies. Australian authorities have
been very concerned about the potential impacts of the project.
At the same time, the Tasmanian authorities were favorable to the
project, as far as the mill could represent the best available
technology, and running according to the best environmental practices.
The process to evaluate all these issues was requested to be as
transparent as possible to all interested parties. To guarantee
this communication process, there are two websites available to
general public:
http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_docs/pm_whats_new.htm
and also http://www.pulpmill.tas.gov.au/index.htm
In
the studies, we may find good reports about the best environmental
practices for pulp making, best available technologies, comparisons
to other mills in the world, and surprisingly excellent reports
about environmental legislation applicable to similar mills in
a world basis. All these studies had the goal to provide knowledge
for the environmental guidelines to Gunns mill. The RPDC - Resource
Planning & Development Commission consists in an independent
commission that had the mission to coordinate these studies.
The commission decided to get the required information through
an international and well qualified group of experts on environmental
issues. The follow up of the generated documentation is very
open, and RPDC accepts contributions and comments from the interested
parties. The major part of the study has been requested to a
consulting company, Beca Amec, including the definitions of the
guidelines and environmental control standards to be fulfilled
by the new mill. Mr. Roberto Miotti, a good friend of mine, had
a significant contribution to these studies. These indispensable
studies are made available as online reports, vital to all pulp
and paper community. Something that nobody can miss.
The documentation on environmental legislation is unique, an excellent
comparison about pulp and paper mill controls, all over the world,
mainly in the leading environmental performance pulp mills. Please,
visit these recommended websites:
http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/BEKM/pages/bekm_final_report.htm (English)
http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/BEKM/pages/bekm.htm (English)
http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/BEKM/docs/Final_Report_Vol1.pdf (English)
http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/BEKM/docs/Final_Report_Vol2.pdf (English)
The scope for the studies on impact assessments
are also very good to be known by all interested people:
http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_docs/pm_reports_publications.htm (English)
http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_dwnl/
Report_on_Final_Scope_Guidelines_for_the_IIS.pdf (English)
http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_dwnl/Final_IIS_guidelines2.pdf (English)
http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_dwnl/Further_comment_24_10_05.pdf (English)
http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_dwnl/Draft_Guidelines_060405.pdf (English)
http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_dwnl/
Integrated_Assessment_Information_Brochure_130706.pdf (English)
Other
valuable reports and documents, all very rich on knowledge and
information have also been made available by RPDC, as below.
Another website specially designed by the Tasmanian authorities
has also the objective to inform the society about the project (http://www.pulpmill.tas.gov.au/index.htm):
a
selection of reports on the best available technologies, mainly
about the ECF and TCF bleaching sequences:
a study about the health of workers in bleached kraft pulp mills, both ECF
and TCF sequences
a
leaflet "preparing a world class pulp mill"
a
report from visits to China, Europe and Canada
reports
about the requirements to be fulfilled by companies in countries
that are adherent to the Stockholm Conference on Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Literatures and Events
about the Eucalyptus
We are providing very good links on publications about the Eucalyptus,
which have been made available in the web. There are valuable
photos and texts. Have a look on them.
Literatures
Handbook "Plantio
de eucalipto na pequena propriedade rural" - Embrapa Florestas
- 2000
"Australia
forest profile: eucalyptus forests" – National Heritage
Trust - 2005
"Manual
para productores de eucaliptos en la Mesopotamia Argentina" -
INTA Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria , Concordia,
Argentina - 1995
"The
Hardy Eucalyptus page: how to grow an eucalyptus as an ornamental
plant"
"Proceedings
of the International Conference on Timber Plantation Development" -
FAO Forestry - 2002
"Development
of eucalyptus plantations: an overview" - FAO Forestry - 1995
"Producao
da silvicultura brasileira" - IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de
Geografia e Estatistica ( Portuguese)
Important events with speeches for downloading
Please, find valuable speeches in the selection of
events we have to you:
Course "Wet
end chemistry" - ATCP Chile 2006
"
I Simposio de tecnicas de plantio e manejo
de Eucalyptus para uso multiplo", an event by the TUME (Test
for Multiple Uses of Eucalyptus) and GELQ (Group of Studies Luiz
de Queiroz - www.gelq.com.br)
"
II Simposio Ibero-Americano de Eucalyptus globulus" - (videoconferences
available in Spanish , Portuguese or English)
CIADICYP's
- Congresos Ibero-Americanos de Investigadores de Celulosa y Papel
The CIADICYPs consist in a series of events that
occur in a two years basis. The main participants are university
professors, researchers from technical institutes and private industry,
suppliers and other interested people. Most of participants are from
Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Cuba, Uruguay,
Spain and Portugal, but we have people from other countries, too.
It is a rule to change the meeting location from one congress to
another, and till now, we had CIADICYPs in the following countries:
Argentina, Brazil, Spain and Chile. The main promoter of the CIADICYPs
is RIADICYP - Red Ibero Americana de Docencia y Investigacion en
Celulosa y Papel. This network has always the enthusiasm and the
leadership of professor Maria Cristina Area from Universidad Nacional
de Misiones, Argentina.
Technical
Mini Article by Celso Foelkel
Modern
Bleached Kraft Eucalyptus Pulp Fiberlines
In recent years, we had remarkable advances in the bleached
kraft Eucalyptus pulp manufacturing technologies. More important than
the technologies,
is the new concept the technologies are been developed: closer water
cycles, reduced losses, better energy efficiency, high eco-efficiency
and minimum environmental impacts. The water cycle closures are now
being considered welcome and searched with more care. The reason
is that several new technologies are also being proved efficient
to reduce the contamination build up in the pulping and recycling
systems. Today, bleached Eucalyptus pulp may be produced with a total
effluent discharge corresponding to about 20 m³/adt. In few
years, we were able to reduce the water consumption, to significantly
close the water cycles, and to introduce creative procedures to prevent
the detrimental build up of chlorides, potassium, oxalates and pitch
in the industrial processes. The energetic gains have been remarkable.
Today, we are able to manufacture one air dry ton of bleached pulp
with about 600 kWh of electricity and 5 tons of steam. From a position
of electricity buyer, we have switched to a supplier position. We
are running to new developments and all of them are related to simplifications:
simpler mills, fewer equipment’s, fewer buildings, reduced
losses and cleaner production. There are still many other new opportunities
to be touched, no doubts about. We are good, but there is a long
way to become optimum. However, there are science, technology and
people's commitment and enthusiasm to guarantee further improvements
in our fiberlines. We are learning fast to walk in the eco-efficiency
direction, and to reach the business and environmental sustainabilities.
The recent and modern fiberlines are very efficient
from the wood yard to the pulp or paper sheet dryers. The areas
with more significant
technological improvements have been: wood yard and chip production,
cooking and digesting, pulp washing and screening, and pulp bleaching.
We had notable process simplifications, closures in the systems,
internal recycling, better recovery of wastes, conservation of
energy, improvements in the operational efficiencies and in the
scale of production. All this has been the result from the huge
efforts to add more competence, environmental performance and competitiveness
to our industry. A lot of science and new knowledge are being the
foundation for these developments. As a consequence, the environmental
impacts are reduced, the investments either, and the production
costs more competitive, mainly to the Eucalyptus pulps. For all
these reasons, the amazing recent growth in the world Eucalyptus
pulp production has been based on state-of-the-art mills. This
is being true either in existing mills, in their fiberline modernization’s,
or in the new greenfield mills. This model can be noticed in all
countries growing the production of Eucalyptus pulps: Brazil, Chile,
Uruguay, South Africa, China, Australia, etc.
Any fiberline to manufacture bleached pulp for papermaking has
several missions, and the most important are the following:
- to efficiently
convert the wood in bleached pulp ,
- to
guarantee an uniform quality, and in accordance to the market
requirements,
- to
run in a competitive pulp production cost,
- to
have high operational efficiencies,
- to
prevent or to reduce to a minimum the environmental impacts,
-
to
generate wealth and happiness to the interested and affected
parties.
The today's fiberlines, either the recently started up or those
being built in several countries, they have wisely developed new
mechanisms to control the key competitive factors for success.
Some new management systems and concepts have been upgraded, as
follows:
- segregation of the woods by species and by quality,
- reduction
on the losses in the wood yard and wood preparation,
- reduction
on the losses of fibers along all the fiberline,
- reduction
on the losses of steam and electricity,
- selection
of very efficient processes to cook the wood and to bleach the
pulp,
- close
association of the fiberline operation to the generation of electricity
and steam from the biomass coming from pulp mill
wastes or forest residues,
- maximum
conservation of water and heat, with substantial growth in the
utilization of hot filtrates and secondary heat,
- maximum
safety to workers,
- maximum
efficiency in the logistics, wood handling, intermediate stocks,
internal flows and final destination to customers,
- efficient
design of the equipment capacities, to prevent bottlenecks, usually
very harmful to the operation, to the quality and to
the environment,
- efficient
utilization of the invested capital,
- reduction
in the operational costs by optimization procedures based on the
life cycle of costs,
- high
emphasis in the training and development of all personnel,
- transparency
and improved dialogue with the interested parties,
- high
commitment and awareness about environmental and social issues.
The state-of-the-art technologies in these modern fiberlines have
today the following basic guidelines:
Wood preparation:
- maximum
acceptance of the wood chips in the pre-defined dimensions (more
uniformity in wood chip dimensions),
- reduction
on wood losses in all operations,
- debarking
at the forest, bringing to the mill a cleaner wood, and leaving
more moisture and nutrients
in the forest soil to
improve
the next generation of Eucalyptus forests.
Kraft cooking:
- batch
or continuous digesters, all based on the modified cooking concept
(super batch, compact cooking, lo-solids, etc),
- pre-impregnation
of wood chips to improve pulping, pulp yield and
to reduce shives and knots after digesting,
- low
temperature kraft cooking (145 a 155ºC),
- efficient
control of kappa number after digester and washing area.
Pulp
screening & washing:
- very
efficient washing with minimum carry over along all fiberline,
- utilization
of wash presses,
- very
efficient screening to reduce to a minimum the contamination on
rich lignin debris, shives and also pitch.
Oxygen delignification as pre-bleaching stage:
- fundamental
step, in general in medium consistency, but in one or two reactors,
- very
efficient pulp washing, either before or after the oxygen delignification.
Pulp bleaching:
- ECF
sequences, with a strong trend to ECF-Light sequences, due to the
growing addition of hydrogen peroxide, acids and ozone in
some cases,
- utilization
of highly acid and hot stages to the degradation by hydrolysis
of the hexenuronic acids generated
during the kraft
cooking,
- recycling
of the hot alkaline Eop filtrate in the countercurrent washing,
with the recovery cycle
as the final destination to this
filtrate,
- emphasis
on a high and stable pulp brightness,
- low
consumption of water (about 10 m³/adt) along the bleaching
line, with emphasis on the recycling of filtrates
and recovered waters.
General improvements in the fiberlines:
- efficient
processes to reduce the accumulation of contaminants as pitch,
oxalates, chlorides and potassium in the mill systems,
- very
low values for the specific generation of AOX, COD, color
and toxicity in the fiberline effluents.
Several modern and recent fiberlines are in operation or in construction
in the leading Eucalyptus pulp manufacturing countries. For your
better understanding on them, you may visit their websites or some
websites with information about them:
Australia:
Gunns: http://www.gunnspulpmill.com.au
Brazil:
Veracel: http://www.veracel.com.br/web/pt/industriais/
Ripasa: http://www.ripasa.com.br/ripax.cfm?cg=EBXComoSeFazRipax
VCP: http://www.vcp.com.br/Celulose/Processo+Produtivo/default.htm
VCP projeto Losango: http://www.vcp.com.br/losango/ptb/home
Aracruz: http://www.aracruz.com.br/show_prd.do?act=stcNews&menu=true&id=107&lastRoot=16&lang=1
Cenibra: http://www.cenibra.com.br
Bahia Pulp: http://www.bahiapulp.com/paginas.asp?s=2&p=2&i=pt-br
International Paper do Brasil: http://www.internationalpaperdobrasil.com.br/ipengine.asp?pagina=Institucional
- ptl&lingua=PT
Suzano Bahia Sul Mucuri: http://www.suzano.com.br/projetomucuri/
Chile:
Arauco Nueva Aldea: http://www.complejonuevaaldea.cl
Arauco Valdivia: http://www.plantavaldivia.cl
CMPC Santa Fe: http://www.cmpccelulosa.cl/index.htm
China:
Hainan Jinhai : http://www.trade-india.com/Foreignexporter-1047050-980353-589-BRANDING/Paper-and-Pulp/Hainan-Jinhai-pulp-and-Paper-Co.html
http://www.tappsa.co.za/html/challenging_limits.html
South Africa:
Mondi Richards Bay: http://www.mbpsa.co.za/operations/richardsbay.htm
Uruguay:
Botnia: http://www.metsabotnia.com/en/default.asp?path=204,208,1364,1385
Eucalyptus
Newsletter is a merely technical online bulletin, containing
articles and information about eucalyptus forestry and
industrial utilization
Technical coordination - Celso Foelkel
celso@celso-foelkel.com.br
Webmaster / editing - Alessandra Foelkel
Celsius Degree: Phone (+55-51) 3338-4809
Copyright © 2005-2007
This newsletter is a Celsius Degree production and it
was made possible through sponsoring support provided by
ABTCP - Brazilian Technical Association of Pulp and Paper
and Botnia. The opinions expressed herein are those of
the author or of the suggested websites, and do not necessarily
reflect the view of the sponsors.
In
case you prefer not to receive the Eucalyptus
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